Synthetic Antioxidants as Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Indoor Environments: Knowns and Unknowns

Ji, Xiaomeng; Liang, Jiefeng; Wang, Yingjun; Liu, Xiaoyun; Li, Yiling; Liu, Qifan; Liu, Runzeng

doi:10.1021/acs.est.3c06487

Cited by 17 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 86 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Synthetic antioxidants (SAs) are extensively used as chemical additives in polymer materials, plastic wires, cables, and rubber products to prevent the oxidation and degradation of the base products. − These additives are easily and unintentionally released into the surrounding environment because SAs are not covalently bonded with the base material . Their extensive pollution in the environment raises concerns about their ecological and exposure risks. ,,− Commercial SAs are generally classified as aromatic amine antioxidants (AAs), sulfur-containing antioxidants (SAs), hindered phenolic antioxidants (HPAs), and organophosphate antioxidants (OPAs). , Among the various emerging SAs, amine antioxidants (AAs), containing aromatic amine groups based on anilines and structures with an aromatic ring and one or more amine groups, have recently attracted increasing attention. ,,, AAs have been considered as new high-production volume (HPV) industrial chemicals, which include p -phenylenediamines (PPDs), diphenylamines (DPAs), naphthylamines (NPAs), and the DPG series of materials (e.g., 1,3-diphenylguanidine (DPG), 1,2,3-triphenylguanidine (TPG), and 1,3-di- o -tolyguanidine (DTG)). − …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unexpected Exposure Risks to Emerging Aromatic Amine Antioxidants and p-Phenylenediamine Quinones to Residents: Evidence from External and Internal Exposure as Well as Hepatotoxicity Evaluation

Guo,

Cheng,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Environ. Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Aromatic amine antioxidants (AAs), extensively used in rubber products, and their ozone-photolyzed product pphenylenediamine quinones (PPD-Qs) were found to be pervasive in various environments and with potential ecological and health risks. The relationship between external and internal exposure to these contaminants and their exposure risks to the general population remain poorly explored. Herein, dust−handwipe−urine samples (n = 97 pairs) from families in Tianjin, China was collected for analyzing 20 AAs and 6 PPD-Qs (including self-synthesized emerging PPD-Qs). The median concentration of ∑ 20 AAs (1310 ng/g, 354 ng/m 2 , and 18.5 ng/mL, respectively) and ∑ 6 PPD-Qs (1645 ng/g, 3913 ng/m 2 and 3.76 ng/mL, respectively) in dust, handwipe, and urine samples indicated a non-negligible contamination of AAs and PPD-Qs in indoor environment. Notably, emerging DPPD-Q and DNPD-Q (oxidation products of DPPD and DNPD, respectively) were prominent, accounting for >90% of PPD-Qs. The correlation analysis and estimated daily intake (EDI) assessments indicated that neither dust ingestion nor dermal exposure may be the primary source of internal exposure to AAs and PPD-Qs in the general population, and other exposure pathways (e.g., diet and inhalation) may exist. In vitro HepG2 cell experiments demonstrated that both PPD-Qs and PPDs may have potential exposure risk of hepatotoxicity.

show abstract

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Unexpected Exposure Risks to Emerging Aromatic Amine Antioxidants and p-Phenylenediamine Quinones to Residents: Evidence from External and Internal Exposure as Well as Hepatotoxicity Evaluation

Guo,

Cheng,

Zhang

et al. 2024

Environ. Health

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…LMW HPAs represent common-use traditional HPAs, which have a history of industrial use of more than 60 years . Representative LMW HPAs include the well-known 2,6-di- tert -butyl-4-methylphenol (BHT) and 2,4-di- tert -butyl-phenol (DBP) . In recent 20 years, to improve the performance of HPAs and slow their migration from products, a large number of BHT-derived MHPAs, represented by octadecyl-3-(3,5-di- tert -butyl-4-hydroxyphenyl) propionate (AO 1076), have been introduced into the market. − To date, both LMW SPAs and MHPAs have been widely detected across multiple environmental media worldwide. − Additionally, LMW HPAs have been confirmed pervasively present in human fluids, including blood, , urine, , and follicular fluid .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Synthetic antioxidants (AOs) are ubiquitous, high-production-volume chemicals used as essential polymer additives in the manufacture of various industrial and consumer products to enhance product resistance to oxidative aging . It has been reported that the global consumption of AOs is up to 700,000 tons per year for rubber manufacturing alone .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Occurrence of Multiple Classes of Emerging Synthetic Antioxidants, Including p-Phenylenediamines, Diphenylamines, Naphthylamines, Macromolecular Hindered Phenols, and Organophosphites, in Human Milk: Implications for Infant Exposure

Liang,

Ge,

Deng

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Synthetic antioxidants (AOs) have received increasing attention in recent years due to their environmental ubiquity. However, lactational exposure to these emerging contaminants of current concern remains unknown. In this study, 21 amine antioxidants, 18 macromolecular hindered phenol antioxidants, 3 organophosphite antioxidants, and 2 p-phenylenediamine-derived quinones (PPD-Qs) were integrated into a dedicated screening in human milk from South China. Among all 42 target AOs, 19 were detected, but no PPD-Qs were detected in any of the samples. Eight AOs, including N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N′-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine (6PPD), were frequently detected in more than half of the samples. The summed concentrations of all detectable AOs in human milk ranged from 133 to 7,560 pg/mL, with a median of 713 pg/mL. Significant correlations were observed among the concentrations of amine and phenol antioxidants. The preliminary risk assessment revealed that under the high exposure scenario, the overall daily intake of all identified AOs through breastfeeding might pose a non-negligible health risk to newborns. This study is the first to attempt to comprehensively identify a wide range of emerging AOs prevalent in human milk. The findings call for urgent concern for infant exposure to these widely used but less well evaluated chemicals and a possible increased accumulative risk in the future.

show abstract

“…Currently, rubber VAs have surpassed rubber primary and secondary antioxidants, , emerging as the primary rubber additives . In 2001, global production of VAs, widely employed in tire rubber production, was estimated at 261,000 tons.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comprehensive Identification and Ubiquitous Occurrence of Eight Classes of Rubber-Derived Vulcanization Accelerators in Urban Dusts

Ge,

Hou,

Liu

et al. 2024

Environ. Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Vulcanization accelerators (VAs) serve as crucial additives in synthetic rubber on a global scale. Despite their widespread use, the environmental presence, distribution, and associated exposure risks of VAs remain poorly understood. This study compiled a target list and conducted a screening for eight classes encompassing 42 VAs in diverse urban dust samples from South China. A total of 40 of the 42 target VAs were detectable across all four studied regions, among which 30 were identified for the first time in the environment. Among the eight structureclassified VA classes, xanthates exhibited the highest concentrations (median: 3810−81,300 ng/g), followed by thiazoles, guanidines, sulfenamides, dithiocarbamates, thiurams, thioureas, and others. The median total concentrations of all target VAs (∑VAs) were determined to be 5060 ng/g in road dust, 5730 ng/g in parking lot dust, 29,200 ng/g in vehicle repair plant dust, and 84,300 ng/g in household dust, indicating the widespread presence of numerous rubber-derived VAs in various urban environments. This study marked the first systematic effort to identify a wide range of emerging rubber-derived VAs prevalent in urban environments. The findings call for increased attention to these widely utilized but less well-evaluated chemicals in future research and environmental management efforts.

show abstract

Synthetic Antioxidants as Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Indoor Environments: Knowns and Unknowns

Cited by 17 publications

References 86 publications

Unexpected Exposure Risks to Emerging Aromatic Amine Antioxidants and p-Phenylenediamine Quinones to Residents: Evidence from External and Internal Exposure as Well as Hepatotoxicity Evaluation

Unexpected Exposure Risks to Emerging Aromatic Amine Antioxidants and p-Phenylenediamine Quinones to Residents: Evidence from External and Internal Exposure as Well as Hepatotoxicity Evaluation

Occurrence of Multiple Classes of Emerging Synthetic Antioxidants, Including p-Phenylenediamines, Diphenylamines, Naphthylamines, Macromolecular Hindered Phenols, and Organophosphites, in Human Milk: Implications for Infant Exposure

Comprehensive Identification and Ubiquitous Occurrence of Eight Classes of Rubber-Derived Vulcanization Accelerators in Urban Dusts

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About