Synthetic Antibody Mimics Based on Cancer‐Targeting Immunostimulatory Peptides

Abstract

De novo cancer‐targeting immunostimulatory peptides have been designed and developed as synthetic antibody mimics. A series of bifunctional peptides incorporating NKp30‐binding and NK‐cell‐activating domains were synthesized as linear dimers and then extended into branching trimeric peptides by the incorporation of GRP78‐targeting and tumor‐cell‐binding sequences. A selected trimeric peptide from this small set of peptides displayed binding capabilities on GRP78+ HepG2 and A549 target cells. Cell binding diminished in the presence of an anti‐GRP78 peptide blocker, thus suggesting GRP78‐binding dependence. Similarly, the selected trimeric peptide was also found to exhibit NK cell binding in an NKp30‐dependent manner, which translated into NK cell activation as indicated by cytokine secretion. In co‐culture, fluorescence microscopy revealed that the target GFP‐expressing A549 cells were visibly associated with the effector NK cells when pre‐activated with lead trimeric peptide. Accordingly, A549 cells were found to be compromised, as evidenced by the loss of GFP signal and notable detection of early‐/late‐stage apoptosis. Investigation of the immunological markers related to toxicity revealed detectable secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, including IFN‐γ, TNF‐α, and IL‐8. Furthermore, administration of peptide‐activated NK cells into A549‐tumor‐bearing mice resulted in a consistent decrease in tumor growth when compared to the untreated control group. Taken together, the identification of a lead trimeric peptide capable of targeting and activating NK cells’ immunotoxicity directly towards GRP78+/B7H6‐ tumors provides a novel proof‐of‐concept for the development of cancer‐targeting immunostimulatory peptide ligands that mimic antibody‐targeting and ‐activating functions related to cancer immunotherapy applications.

What Can De Novo Protein Design Bring to the Treatment of Hematological Disorders?

“…A designed trimeric peptide could target and activate NK cell immunotoxicity directly toward tumors. [79,80] Novel biological materials designed protein-based nanoparticles and vehicles Designed protein-based nanoparticles and vehicles could be used for imaging, drug delivery, and gene therapy. [81][82][83] designed protein-based nanocages Designed protein-based nanocages could be used for vaccine, gene, and small molecule delivery.…”

“…Each peptide assembles into a triple helical coiled-coil conformation mimicking the gp21 crystal structure of HTLV-1 [79]. A lead trimeric peptide has been designed and identified as a cancer-targeting immunostimulatory peptide ligand to target and activate NK cell immunotoxicity directly toward tumors [80].…”

Molecular Complementarity of Proteomimetic Materials for Target‐Specific Recognition and Recognition‐Mediated Complex Functions

“…[ 120 ] Based on the fact that the natural killer (NK) cells are cytotoxic lymphocytes critical to the innate immune system, Descalzi‐Montoya's group combined a linear dimer of NK‐cell‐activating domains with glucose regulated protein of 78 kDa (GRP78)‐targeting peptide sequences to produce a bifunctional Y‐shape trimeric peptide that shares structural similarity with an antibody (Figure 2d). [ 121 ] The synthesized trimeric peptide displayed increased binding to tumor cells overexpressing GRP78, with the binding affinity decreasing in presence of anti‐GRP78 antibody, indicating GRP78‐binding dependence. This antibody mimic was used to induce the secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines and chemokines from effector NK cells, indicating the apoptosis of tumor cells, and administration of the trimeric peptides slowed down the tumor growth rate in immunodeficient laboratory mice (NSG mice).…”