Synthesis‐Style Auto‐Correlation‐Based Transformer: A Learner on Ionospheric TEC Series Forecasting

Abstract

Accurate 1‐day global total electron content (TEC) forecasting is essential for ionospheric monitoring and satellite communications. However, it faces challenges due to limited data and difficulty in modeling long‐term dependencies. This study develops a highly accurate model for 1‐day global TEC forecasting. We utilized generative TEC data augmentation based on the International Global Navigation Satellite Service (IGS) data set from 1998 to 2017 to enhance the model's prediction ability. Our model takes the TEC sequence of the previous 2 days as input and predicts the global TEC value for each hourly step of the next day. We compared the performance of our model with 1‐day predicted ionospheric products provided by both the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe (C1PG) and Beihang University (B1PG). We proposed a two‐step framework: (a) a time series generative model to produce realistic synthetic TEC data for training, and (b) an auto‐correlation‐based transformer model designed to capture long‐range dependencies in the TEC sequence. Experiments demonstrate that our model significantly improves 1‐day forecast accuracy over prior approaches. On the 2018 benchmark data set, the global root mean squared error (RMSE) of our model is reduced to 1.17 TEC units (TECU), while the RMSE of the C1PG model is 2.07 TECU. Reliability is higher in middle and high latitudes but lower in low latitudes (RMSE < 2.5 TECU), indicating room for improvement. This study highlights the potential of using data augmentation and auto‐correlation‐based transformer models trained on synthetic data to achieve high‐quality 1‐day global TEC forecasting.

Prediction of global ionospheric TEC using attention based bidirectional long short-term memory and gated recurrent unit

“…The ionospheric time delay is proportional to the ionosphere's TEC. TEC fluctuates depending on the time of the day, season and year [10]- [12]. GNSS signals enable the monitoring of ionospheric behavior using either ground or space based GNSS receivers [13], [14].…”