“…Heat straightening dates back to early welders (FHWA, 2015) and has been performed on bridges since the mid-20th century (Avent, Robinson, Madan & Shenoy, 1992;Avent, 1989). However, little research had been performed in this area until the 1970s and 1980s (FHWA, 2015;Lackowski & Varma, 2007). Avent et al (1992) performed the first experimental study to investigate the effect of heat straightening on initially damaged specimens, finding that damaged specimens with strains up to 100 times yield strain could be heat straightened.…”