Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Bacterial Cellulose

Manan, Sehrish; Kiprono, Sabella J.; Ul-Islam, Mazhar; Yang, Guang

doi:10.1002/9783527807437.ch4

Cited by 46 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…Bacterial nanocellulose has a chemical structure identical to that of plant cellulose. Linear homopolymer of glucose monomers are linked by β-(1→4) glycosidic linkage with the chemical formula (C6H10O5)n. Nevertheless, it has different macromolecular structure and properties (Ullah et al, 2019). The polymerization degrees are within 2000-6000 for BNC and 13,000-14,000 for plant cellulose, decreasing during pulping and purification.…”

Section: Bacterial Nanocellulosementioning

confidence: 99%

Trends on the Cellulose-Based Textiles: Raw Materials and Technologies

Felgueiras

Azóia

Gonçalves

et al. 2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

103

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There is an emerging environmental awareness and social concern regarding the environmental impact of the textile industry, highlighting the growing need for developing green and sustainable approaches throughout this industry’s supply chain. Upstream, due to population growth and the rise in consumption of textile fibers, new sustainable raw materials and processes must be found. Cellulose presents unique structural features, being the most important and available renewable resource for textiles. The physical and chemical modification reactions yielding fibers are of high commercial importance today. Recently developed technologies allow the production of filaments with the strongest tensile performance without dissolution or any other harmful and complex chemical processes. Fibers without solvents are thus on the verge of commercialization. In this review, the technologies for the production of cellulose-based textiles, their surface modification and the recent trends on sustainable cellulose sources, such as bacterial nanocellulose, are discussed. The life cycle assessment of several cellulose fiber production methods is also discussed.

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Section: Bacterial Nanocellulosementioning

confidence: 99%

Trends on the Cellulose-Based Textiles: Raw Materials and Technologies

Felgueiras

Azóia

Gonçalves

et al. 2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

103

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“…BNC is typically synthesized as pure cellulose by the BNC-producing bacteria, which, unlike the plant-derived cellulose, does not require intensive processing for removal of unwanted impurities or contaminants (Lin et al, 2013). To date, different strategies have been developed for increasing the yield and productivity, minimizing the production cost, and enhancing the structural features of BNC (Ullah et al, 2019c;Ul-Islam et al, 2021b). For example, the addition of yeast extract to the bacterial growth medium enhances bacterial growth, thus leading to high productivity and yield (Saska et al, 2017;Kaminagakura et al, 2019).…”

Section: Microorganismsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspective Applications and Associated Challenges of Using Nanocellulose in Treating Bone-Related Diseases

Khan

Siddique

Huanfei

et al. 2021

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Bone serves to maintain the shape of the human body due to its hard and solid nature. A loss or weakening of bone tissues, such as in case of traumatic injury, diseases (e.g., osteosarcoma), or old age, adversely affects the individual’s quality of life. Although bone has the innate ability to remodel and regenerate in case of small damage or a crack, a loss of a large volume of bone in case of a traumatic injury requires the restoration of bone function by adopting different biophysical approaches and chemotherapies as well as a surgical reconstruction. Compared to the biophysical and chemotherapeutic approaches, which may cause complications and bear side effects, the surgical reconstruction involves the implantation of external materials such as ceramics, metals, and different other materials as bone substitutes. Compared to the synthetic substitutes, the use of biomaterials could be an ideal choice for bone regeneration owing to their renewability, non-toxicity, and non-immunogenicity. Among the different types of biomaterials, nanocellulose-based materials are receiving tremendous attention in the medical field during recent years, which are used for scaffolding as well as regeneration. Nanocellulose not only serves as the matrix for the deposition of bioceramics, metallic nanoparticles, polymers, and different other materials to develop bone substitutes but also serves as the drug carrier for treating osteosarcomas. This review describes the natural sources and production of nanocellulose and discusses its important properties to justify its suitability in developing scaffolds for bone and cartilage regeneration and serve as the matrix for reinforcement of different materials and as a drug carrier for treating osteosarcomas. It discusses the potential health risks, immunogenicity, and biodegradation of nanocellulose in the human body.

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“…The biocompatibility of BC is proportional to its ability to absorb water, in order to assist growth and cell proliferation [ 79 ]. A moderate to a high level of biocompatibility of BC has been identified, due to its ability to support living cells for up to 12 weeks in the subcutaneous tissue [ 80 ]. In this scenario, a complete absence of exudation, giant cells, and inflammatory responses, such as redness and swelling appearances, have been witnessed [ 80 ].…”

Section: Characteristics Of Pc and Bcmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A moderate to a high level of biocompatibility of BC has been identified, due to its ability to support living cells for up to 12 weeks in the subcutaneous tissue [ 80 ]. In this scenario, a complete absence of exudation, giant cells, and inflammatory responses, such as redness and swelling appearances, have been witnessed [ 80 ]. BC hydrogel that has been modified with an extracellular matrix, such as hyaluronan, collagen (Col), or elastin and growth factors (GF), including keratinocyte growth factor (KGF), human basic fibroblast growth factor (B-FGF), and human epidermal growth factor (H-EGF), has been able to inculcate these biocompatibility characteristics into BC.…”

Section: Characteristics Of Pc and Bcmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Plant- vs. Bacterial-Derived Cellulose for Wound Healing: A Review

Naomi

Idrus

Fauzi

2020

IJERPH

102

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Cellulose is a naturally existing element in the plant’s cell wall and in several bacteria. The unique characteristics of bacterial cellulose (BC), such as non-toxicity, biodegradability, hydrophilicity, and biocompatibility, together with the modifiable form of nanocellulose, or the integration with nanoparticles, such as nanosilver (AgNP), all for antibacterial effects, contributes to the extensive usage of BC in wound healing applications. Due to this, BC has gained much demand and attention for therapeutical usage over time, especially in the pharmaceutical industry when compared to plant cellulose (PC). This paper reviews the progress of related research based on in vitro, in vivo, and clinical trials, including the overall information concerning BC and PC production and its mechanisms in wound healing. The physicochemical differences between BC and PC have been clearly summarized in a comparison table. Meanwhile, the latest Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved BC products in the biomedical field are thoroughly discussed with their applications. The paper concludes on the need for further investigations of BC in the future, in an attempt to make BC an essential wound dressing that has the ability to be marketable in the global marketplace.

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Synthesis, Structure, and Properties of Bacterial Cellulose

Cited by 46 publications

References 117 publications

Trends on the Cellulose-Based Textiles: Raw Materials and Technologies

Trends on the Cellulose-Based Textiles: Raw Materials and Technologies

Perspective Applications and Associated Challenges of Using Nanocellulose in Treating Bone-Related Diseases

Plant- vs. Bacterial-Derived Cellulose for Wound Healing: A Review

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