Synthesis, structural, mechanical, and biological properties of HAp-ZrO2-hBN biocomposites for bone regeneration applications

Reconstruction of Load-Bearing Segmental Bone Defects Using Carbonate Apatite Honeycomb Blocks

“…The sizes of macropores and struts were determined from at least 50 macropores and 50 struts in the SEM images, respectively. The crystal phases of the CAp HC blocks and HAp were confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns, which were recorded using a D8 Advance diffractometer (Bruker AXS GmbH, Karlsruhe, Germany) with monochromatized radiation (CuKα: λ = 0.1542 nm) at a voltage of 40 of the CAp HC blocks and HAp were confirmed using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra, which were recorded in the range of 400−2000 cm −1 using a spectrometer (FTIR-6200, JASCO, Tokyo, Japan) with a resolution of 2 cm −1 in the KBr disk method. The XRD patterns and FTIR spectra of HAp (HAP-100, Taihei Chemical Industries, Co., Ltd., Nara, Japan) were used as references for those of CAp.…”

“…HAp is hardly resorbed in the body and remains in the implantation site for more than 10 years after implantation . β-TCP is resorbed faster than new bone formation because it spontaneously dissolves regardless of osteoclast action. − HAp-based composite materials have been developed that exhibit improved mechanical and biological properties. − In contrast, carbonate apatite (CAp), a human bone apatite analog, is resorbed via osteoclast action. , Previous in vitro studies have shown that CAp can promote the activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts to a greater extent than HAp and β-TCP. , Furthermore, previous in vivo studies showed that the suitable resorption speed of CAp contributed to bone maturation and formation. , Therefore, based on the results of previous in vitro and in vivo studies, CAp has an optimal chemical composition for synthetic bone blocks.…”

Fabrication of Novel 3-D Nanocomposites of HAp–TiC–h-BN–ZrO2: Enhanced Mechanical Performances and In Vivo Toxicity Study for Biomedical Applications

“…31−33 However, this increment is not enough for bone implant applications, and it is still needed to be enhanced by substituting a suitable oxide/carbide and nitride phase. 34,35 Many researchers are engaged in the evolution of pure HAp from waste natural resources, such as animal bones, 36−38 fish bones, 39 fish scale, 40,41 algae, 42 eggshells, 43−45 and chicken beaks. 48 But some of these natural precursors have their own disadvantages including their availability and complexities during fabrication and other challenges.…”

“…HAp [Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ] is one of the highly biocompatible materials having a Ca/P stoichiometric ratio of 1.67. Its chemical composition is comparable to that of human natural bone/teeth, which is widely used in dentistry and orthopedics. , HAp and its related ceramics have unique combination of the properties including outstanding biocompatibility, nontoxicity, osteoconductivity, and bioactivity. , These outstanding properties make it favorable applications for tumor-associated bone segmental defects, bone repair/regeneration, , tissue engineering, , protein adsorption, gene/drug delivery, , and other biomedical fields. − Besides exceptional biomaterial properties, pure HAp has limited applications, and it is difficult to shape due to its poor mechanical properties, such as extreme brittleness, fracture toughness, low flexural strength, stiffness, low flexibility, and wear resistance, which are the most important fundamental parameters for any implant material. − The mechanical properties of pure HAp were increased up to some extent by reducing their particle sizes and morphologies (nanorods and nanotubes) with the help of advanced synthesis techniques. − However, this increment is not enough for bone implant applications, and it is still needed to be enhanced by substituting a suitable oxide/carbide and nitride phase. , Many researchers are engaged in the evolution of pure HAp from waste natural resources, such as animal bones, − fish bones, fish scale, , algae, eggshells, − seashells, , and chicken beaks . But some of these natural precursors have their own disadvantages including their availability and complexities during fabrication and other challenges .…”

Novel Synthesis Approach for Natural Tea Polyphenol-Integrated Hydroxyapatite

“…Previous investigations have underscored the pivotal role of the synthesis methodology in defining the characteristics of HAP. Among various methods, chemical precipitation stands out for its straightforward approach and economic viability, and is frequently employed in the production of HAP [ 30 , 31 ]. Nevertheless, mastering control over the nanoparticles’ size, shape, and crystalline structure during the synthesis process is still a complex undertaking.…”