Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Anionic Phosphate Ester Surfactants: A Review

Arora, Pinklesh; Singh, Ravi S.; Seshadri, Geetha; Tyagi, A. K.

doi:10.3139/113.110570

Cited by 11 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Phosphate esters are relevant to many different applications and used primarily as surfactants . They are also used in the automotive and aviation industries as lubricant additives, where they protect moving mechanical components from wear in extreme conditions. − One of the most widely used and extensively studied phosphate ester lubricant additives is tricresyl phosphate (TCP).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Decomposition of Tricresyl Phosphate on Ferrous Surfaces

et al. 2021

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Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) forms protective films on moving mechanical components through thermally driven decomposition and interactions with the ferrous surfaces of the components. These reactions are hidden from view in moving interfaces, but are known to be sensitive to both the surface material and the isomeric form of the TCP. Here, temperature-programmed reaction spectroscopy (TPRS) and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) are complemented by reactive molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the thermal decomposition of meta and para isomers of TCP reacting with ferrous materials. Key observations are that the primary decomposition product of TCP is cresol, more cresol is generated on Fe 2 O 3 than on Fe 3 O 4 , and that para-TCP isomers are more reactive than meta-TCP isomers. These trends are explained using the simulations to identify multiple reaction pathways leading to cresol formation. The likelihood of each pathway is quantified and correlated to surface material and TCP isomer trends in terms of energy barriers for the rate-limiting steps in the decomposition reactions.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Thermal Decomposition of Tricresyl Phosphate on Ferrous Surfaces

et al. 2021

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“…Phosphate esters are anionic surfactants which are produced by phosphation of aliphatic or aromatic (ethoxylated) alcohols [23]. The properties of phosphate esters can be altered by the type of alcohol used as raw material and degree of ethoxylation of the alcohol [24]. Phosphate esters are known for exhibiting mild and nonirritating properties [25].…”

Section: Phosphate Ester Surfactantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Structure and Applications of Surfactants

Khalfallah

2024

Surfactants - Fundamental Concepts and Emerging Perspectives

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Surfactant molecules have two parts, a lipophilic (apolar) part that retains fat and a hydrophilic (polar) part that is miscible with water. The lipophilic portion consists of one or more aliphatic, straight or branched or aromatic or even alkylaromatic hydro- or fluorocarbon chains. The hydrophilic portion or polar head consists of one or more polar groups, ionic or nonionic. Surfactants have a wide variety of applications that include membrane permeabilization and dissolution, inclusion body solubilization, as well as membrane protein solubilization, biochemistry, crystallization, and manipulation. The behavior of these molecules is directly related to the aversion to water of the nonpolar groups, whereas the polar moieties tend to be highly hydrated. Their surfactant properties are therefore essentially based on the balance between the hydrophilic and hydrophobic parts of the molecule, called HLB (Hydrophile-Lipophile Balance).

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Sustainable Phosphorus

Beijer¹,

Slootweg²

2021

Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry

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Phosphorus is a critical element, fulfilling important roles in bio‐, organic‐, and inorganic chemistry. Due to its versatile chemistry, phosphorus‐based chemicals have a wide array of applications in society. Most importantly, phosphorus is an irreplaceable and limiting building block for life. As such, the natural phosphorus cycle has historically set the pace for all life on earth. This all changed with the discovery of phosphorus‐based fertilizer, which has been largely responsible for the spectacular population growth over the previous century. Consequently, society has become highly dependent on these fertilizers for global food security. This comes with two major problems. Phosphate rock, the primary phosphorus resource, is finite and dwindling. While shortages are not imminent, continuation of current practices will eventually make them an inevitability. More pressing, however, is the problem of waste. Much of the phosphorus we use ends up in the environment, which has serious deleterious effects on biodiversity. Anthropogenic activity has thus disrupted the natural phosphorus cycle to such an extent that the word “cycle” is hardly applicable anymore. Clearly, there is pressing need for more sustainable practices. This article provides a holistic view on this important topic. The phosphorus industry relies on two phosphate rock‐processing pathways, based on either elemental white phosphorus or phosphoric acid as primary intermediate. Most fine chemical production relies on white phosphorus, accounting for a few percent of the market. As this process requires high energy investments, it is ideally omitted entirely. Novel synthetic pathways based on phosphoric acid are therefore needed, and notable examples are discussed, more in line with the principles of Green Chemistry. Ideally, chemicals are retained in near‐indefinite closed loops, using waste as resource as advocated by the Circular Economy and Circular Chemistry principles. Hazardous chemicals risking emission to the environment should be substituted where possible, or redesigned to alleviate their potential for harm. The vast majority of phosphate rock is processed to phosphoric acid, easily derivatized, and mostly reserved for the agri‐food sector as fertilizer or animal feed. This sector is highly inefficient, with major losses attributable to agriculture, food production, and consumption, as well as prior mining. Excess phosphorus intake due to animal product consumption exacerbates the problem. To address these issues, an interdisciplinary approach is necessary, involving legislation, education, and international cooperation between the many stakeholders. To truly close the phosphorus cycle, however, phosphorus needs to be recycled from human and animal waste. Many processes based on precipitation, wet and thermochemical treatment have been developed for phosphorus recovery, but value chains are necessary to bridge the gap between recovery and recycling. This requires alignment across stakeholders, favorable economics, and facilitative legislation.

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Synthesis, Properties and Applications of Anionic Phosphate Ester Surfactants: A Review

Cited by 11 publications

References 17 publications

Thermal Decomposition of Tricresyl Phosphate on Ferrous Surfaces

Thermal Decomposition of Tricresyl Phosphate on Ferrous Surfaces

Structure and Applications of Surfactants

Sustainable Phosphorus

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