Synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite from diatomite for fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) application

Yang, Li; Sun, Hongman; Feng, Rui; Wang, Youhe; Subhan, Fazle; Zhang, Yan; Zhang, Zhongdong; Liu, Zhaoyong

doi:10.1007/s13203-015-0113-2

Cited by 15 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 34 publications

(37 reference statements)

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“…Elemental analysis using AAS showed that Si-to-Al ratio of synthesized NaZSM-5 zeolite was 33.19. This makes ZSM-5 classified as high-silica zeolites (Si/Al ratio = ~10-100), which has played an important role as hydrocracking catalysis in petrochemistry due to its hydrophobic surfaces [17]. T − O (T = Si or Al) and the band at 650-500 cm −1 that can be attributed to the pentasil double-5-ring bending vibration [18].…”

Section: Scanning Electron Microscopementioning

confidence: 99%

Partial Oxidation of Methane to Methanol on Cobalt Oxide-Modified Hierarchical ZSM-5

Krisnandi¹,

Nurani²,

Reza³

et al. 2021

Biogas - Recent Advances and Integrated Approaches

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Conversion of methane to more reactive compounds such as methanol has drawn attention for many years. Hierarchical ZSM-5 zeolite has been used as support of metal oxide catalyst to facilitate the partial oxidation of methane to methanol. The NaZSM-5 zeolite was synthesized hydrothermally using double-template techniques, in which tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH) and polydiallyldiammonium chloride (PDDA) were used as primary and secondary templates, respectively. HZSM-5 was prepared through multiple NH4 + exchange of NaZSM-5 followed by calcination. Co oxide-modified ZSM-5 (Co/NaZSM-5 and Co/HZSM-5) were prepared through impregnation method. Then, the zeolites were extensively characterized using scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), AAS, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), 27 Al solid-state NMR, microbalance, and surface area analysis. The catalytic test was performed in batch reactor, and the product was analyzed with GC-FID. Reaction condition and acidity of ZSM-5 as support catalyst were studied. As a result, when using Co/HZSM-5 as catalyst, percentage (%) yield of methanol was increased with longer reaction time. On the other hand, the percentage (%) yield decreased when Co/NaZSM-5 was employed. Introduction of trace amount of oxygen to the gas mixture showed different results. Furthermore, the prospect of synthesis of ZSM-5 using natural resources and using biogas are also explored.

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Section: Scanning Electron Microscopementioning

confidence: 99%

Partial Oxidation of Methane to Methanol on Cobalt Oxide-Modified Hierarchical ZSM-5

Krisnandi¹,

Nurani²,

Reza³

et al. 2021

Biogas - Recent Advances and Integrated Approaches

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“…Alternatively, clays such as diatomite, kaolin or rectorite can be used for ZSM-5 synthesis. [17][18][19] However, these starting materials contain impurities and do not allow precise crystallization control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although these chemicals provide good control over the crystallization and allow wide modifications of the product, they are comparatively expensive. Alternatively, clays such as diatomite, kaolin or rectorite can be used for ZSM‐5 synthesis [17–19] . However, these starting materials contain impurities and do not allow precise crystallization control.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycling of Spent FCC Catalysts: Conversion of Leached Residues to Zeolite ZSM‐5

Timoshev,

Haufe,

Busse

et al. 2024

ChemSusChem

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The commercial recycling of spent FCC catalyst typically focuses on recovering only 1 – 3% of rare‐earth elements, with the remaining residues often disposed of in landfills. Here, we present a novel method to close a recycling loop for spent FCC catalyst. The method involves a series of leaching steps: Firstly, the spent catalyst material is leached with HNO3 to remove rare‐earth elements such as La; second, solvothermal leaching with HCl removes most of Al and impurities like Fe, Ni and V; finally, a third leaching with H2SO4 removes Ti. The solid residues are then used to synthesize ZSM‐5 without the addition of any extra silicon or aluminum sources after mild activation. The impurities in the synthesis gel strongly modify the properties of the zeolite, with ZSM‐5 crystals containing higher levels of impurities exhibiting lower crystallinities, surface areas, acidities, cracking activities, as well as larger particle sizes.

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“…The conventional ZSM-5 zeolite synthesis method involves a gel formation obtained from different chemical reagents such as sodium silicate, aluminum sulfate, and tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPA-OH) [5], [6]. These chemical reagents are expensive, so it is convenient to use lower cost materials such as diatomaceous earth [7]- [11]. Due the importance of the Si/Al ratio in zeolite's properties, there are many studies in relation to modulating the Si/Al ratio of a nonmetallic mineral raw material such as kaolin and diatomaceous earth [7]- [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of the acid pre-treatment temperature of natural diatomaceous earth on the Si/Al ratio of ZSM-5 zeolite

Lara Prado,

Lopez N,

Cabrera M

2023

Rev. Colomb. Quim.

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Bolivian diatomaceous earth is a potentially lower cost silica source than conventional high purity reagents used in zeolite synthesis. Due to its complex composition, it is necessary to pre-treat it with sulfuric acid in order to reduce impurities and regulate the aluminum content. In the present work several experiments were carried out with natural Bolivian diatomaceous earth in the pre-treatment stage. In order to determine the effect on the final Si/Al ratio, the temperature of the acid pre-treatment was varied between 50 to 155 °C. The results show that the Si/Al ratio can be modulated from 6.2 up to 38.1. These treated diatomaceous earth samples were used to synthetise ZSM-5 zeolite. The obtained ZSM-5 zeolites have a Si/Al ratio in the following range: 9.6 to 40.2. XRD, NH3-TPD and Nitrogen Physisorption techniques were used to characterise the properties of the obtained zeolites. The degree of crystallisation and the specific surface area are directly related to the Si/Al ratio, resulting in high values at high Si/Al ratios. The acid sites are composed of strong Brönsted acid sites and, strong and weak Lewis acid sites. For the zeolite with a low Si/Al ratio a high total acidity was found (>0.51 molNH3/Kgzeolite), while at high Si/Al ratios the total acidity is reduced (<0.38 molNH3/Kgzeolite).

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Synthesis of ZSM-5 zeolite from diatomite for fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) application

Cited by 15 publications

References 34 publications

Partial Oxidation of Methane to Methanol on Cobalt Oxide-Modified Hierarchical ZSM-5

Partial Oxidation of Methane to Methanol on Cobalt Oxide-Modified Hierarchical ZSM-5

Recycling of Spent FCC Catalysts: Conversion of Leached Residues to Zeolite ZSM‐5

The effect of the acid pre-treatment temperature of natural diatomaceous earth on the Si/Al ratio of ZSM-5 zeolite

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