Synthesis of W‐doped TiO₂ by low‐temperature hydrolysis: Effects of annealing temperature and doping content on the surface microstructure and photocatalytic activity

Abstract

A series of tungsten‐doped Titania photocatalysts were synthesized using a low‐temperature method. The effects of dopant concentration and annealing temperature on the phase transitions, crystallinity, electronic, optical, and photocatalytic properties of the resulting material were studied. The X‐ray patterns revealed that the doping delays the transition of anatase to rutile to a high temperature. A new phase WyTi1‐yO2 appeared for 5.00 wt% W‐TiO2 annealed at 900 °C. Raman and diffuse reflectance UV–Vis spectroscopy showed that band gap values decreased slightly up to 700 °C. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy showed that surface species viz. Ti3+, Ti4+, O2−, oxygen‐vacancies, and adsorbed OH groups vary depending on the preparation conditions. The photocatalytic activity was evaluated via the degradation of methylene blue using LED white light. The degradation rate was affected by the percentage of dopants. The best photocatalytic activity was achieved with the sample labeled 5.00 wt% W‐TiO2 annealed at 700 °C.

Liquid-Plasma Hydrogenated Synthesis of Gray Titania with Engineered Surface Defects and Superior Photocatalytic Activity

“…Figure 7B shows a high-resolution Ti 2p XPS spectra for both samples. There are two main peaks for pristine TiO 2 centered at a binding energy of 458.6 and 464.4 eV, which are ascribed to Ti 4+ 2p 3/2 and Ti 4+ 2p 1/2 , respectively [36]. In comparison with pristine TiO 2 , two similar peaks of gray TiO 2−x are detected but with a slight shift toward lower binding energy at 458.3 and 464 eV, assigned to Ti 3+ 2p 3/2 and Ti 3+ 2p 1/2 , respectively [37].…”

Enhancing photocatalytic activity of titanium dioxide through incorporation of MIL‐53(Fe) toward degradation of organic dye

“…[5,6] Photocatalytic degradation, for instance, has been considered as an effective AOP that can solve environmental pollution worldwide due to its ability to utilize solar energy to generate destructive chemical species. [11][12][13][14][15] However, TiO 2 photocatalysts are facing several drawbacks that limit their photocatalytic performance, such as rapid electron-hole recombination, fast desorption of organic pollutants from the surface of the photocatalysts, and a high band gap energy (i.e., 3.2 eV) that requires ultraviolet (UV) light as the excitation source. [11][12][13][14][15] However, TiO 2 photocatalysts are facing several drawbacks that limit their photocatalytic performance, such as rapid electron-hole recombination, fast desorption of organic pollutants from the surface of the photocatalysts, and a high band gap energy (i.e., 3.2 eV) that requires ultraviolet (UV) light as the excitation source.…”

“…[7,8] Photocatalysts such as titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) and other titanium-based composites are among the materials mostly applied in AOPs, [9,10] in which TiO 2 under UV irradiant/visible light may give rise to hydroxyl radicals (•OH) that are important for the degradation of organic pollutants. [11][12][13][14][15] However, TiO 2 photocatalysts are facing several drawbacks that limit their photocatalytic performance, such as rapid electron-hole recombination, fast desorption of organic pollutants from the surface of the photocatalysts, and a high band gap energy (i.e., 3.2 eV) that requires ultraviolet (UV) light as the excitation source. [16] Numerous study and efforts in modifying the TiO 2 photocatalysts have been devoted with the aim of improving and overcoming the above-mentioned problems and thus improving the photocatalytic activity of the TiO 2 -based photocatalysts.…”

Insight into the influence of defect sites in mixed phase of mesoporous titania nanoparticles toward photocatalytic degradation of 2‐chlorophenol: Effect of light source

“…[4,5] Nonetheless, the ability of TiO 2 is inhibited by two factors, which are fast electron-hole recombination and can only be activated under UV-light irradiation because of its large band gap. [6,7] However, these drawbacks can be overcome through structure modification to increase porosity and form site defects, which are Ti 3+ site defects (TSDs) and oxygen vacancies (OVs). [8] These site defects can be produced through structure modification by altering the condition and solvent of the synthesis method.…”