Synthesis of tungsten carbide nanoparticles in biochar matrix as a catalyst for dry reforming of methane to syngas

Yan, Qiangu; Lu, Yonglin; To, Filip; Li, Yebo; Yu, Fei

doi:10.1039/c5cy00029g

Cited by 43 publications

(32 citation statements)

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“…Yan et al [159] synthesized tungsten carbide (WC) NPs that were embedded in a biochar matrix by thermally processing ammonium-tungstate-impregnated biochar at 1000 • C under N 2 . The WC NPs were produced through the following process:…”

Section: Biochar/carbide Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Application of Biochar-Based Catalysts for Biofuel Production

Cheng

2018

Catalysts

185

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Firstly, this paper reviews two main methods for biochar synthesis, namely conventional pyrolysis and hydrothermal carbonization (HTC). The related processes are described, and the influences of biomass nature and reaction conditions, especially temperature, are discussed. Compared to pyrolysis, HTC has advantages for processing high-moisture biomass and producing spherical biochar particles. Secondly, typical features of biochar in comparison with other carbonaceous materials are summarized. They refer to the presence of inorganics, surface functional groups, and local crystalline structures made up of highly conjugated aromatic sheets. Thirdly, various strategies for biochar modification are illustrated. They include activation, surface functionalization, in situ heteroatom doping, and the formation of composites with other materials. An appropriate modification is necessary for biochar used as a catalyst. Fourthly, the applications of biochar-based catalysts in three important processes of biofuel production are reviewed. Sulfonated biochar shows good catalytic performance for biomass hydrolysis and biodiesel production. Biodiesel production can also be catalyzed by biochar-derived or -supported solid-alkali catalysts. Biochar alone and biochar-supported metals are potential catalysts for tar reduction during or after biomass gasification. Lastly, the merits of biochar-based catalysts are summarized. Biochar-based catalysts have great developmental prospects. Future work needs to focus on the study of mechanism and process design.

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Section: Biochar/carbide Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation and Application of Biochar-Based Catalysts for Biofuel Production

Cheng

2018

Catalysts

185

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“…The first step is a solid–solid reaction, in which WO 3 is reduced according to the –reactions shown in Equations (16)–:

true WO_{3} + normalC \to WO_{2} + CO

true WO_{2} + 2 normalC \to normalW + CO

true 2 WO_{3} + normalC \to 2 WO_{2} + CO_{2}

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, the use of CB and G as reducing agents favors the solid–solid reaction, which stimulates the formation of carbides due to other competing reactions [Eqs. (19) and ]:

true normalW + normalC \to WC

true 2 normalW + normalC \to normalW_{2} normalC

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Thef irst stepi sasolid-solid reaction,i nw hich WO 3 is reduced according to the -reactions shown in Equations (16)-(18): [23]…”

Section: Materials Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the other hand, the use of CB and Ga sr educing agents favors the solid-solid reaction,w hich stimulates the formationo fc arbidesd ue to other competing reactions [Eqs. (19) and (20)]: [5,23] W þ C ! WC ð19Þ…”

Section: Materials Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Carbo‐ and Methanothermal Reduction of Tungsten Trioxide into Metallic Tungsten for Thermochemical Production of Solar Fuels

et al. 2016

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The WO3/W redox pair is proposed as an alternative option for the production of solar fuels due to high reactivity and selectivity in two‐step thermochemical redox cycles. This study addresses the high‐temperature solar step involving the use of carbonaceous materials (carbon or methane) as reducing agents to lower the temperature of the reduction step in the WO3/W cycle, which makes the process compatible with the use of concentrated solar energy as the source of process heat. The carbothermal reduction of tungsten trioxide to tungsten by using carbon in the form of graphite, carbon black, and activated carbon was investigated with a thermobalance and a packed‐bed tubular reactor, whereas methanothermal reduction was studied by using a solar‐driven thermogravimetric reactor. The WO3/C powder reactivity was analyzed as a function of temperature, carbon type, and stoichiometry of the reactant mixture. The reaction was complete upon heating to 1280 °C when using excess carbon in the mixture, with metallic tungsten and carbon monoxide as the main products. A high specific surface area of carbon favored the solid–gas reaction mechanism, whereas a small carbon nanoparticle size favored the solid–solid mechanism, along with the formation of carbides. Methanothermal reduction of WO3 started from 850 °C and yielded mainly W and WC at 1000 °C with WO3 conversion above 80 %. This study thus indicates that carbo‐ and methanothermal reduction of tungsten trioxide can be used to produce metallic tungsten powder efficiently.

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Transition metal carbide‐based photocatalysts for artificial photosynthesis

Wong,

Foo,

Siang

et al. 2023

SmartMat

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Transition metal carbides, including both MXene and non‐MXene metal carbides, have enjoyed a soaring reputation in recent years. Benefitting from their intriguing physical and chemical characteristics, they shine in multifarious research fields and currently, they have emerged as promising nanomaterials for photocatalysis in energy and environmental science. Herein, based on the recent theoretical research and experimental studies, a systematic and comprehensive review of the expeditious advances of metal carbides and their nano‐architectures in the flourishing arena of photocatalysis is presented. The fundamental mechanism involved in photocatalysis with metal carbides serving as semiconductors or cocatalysts is thoroughly discussed. Besides, we highlight the main synthetic strategies of MXene and non‐MXene metal carbides and unravel the structural properties of the as‐obtained metal carbides via different fabrication routes to establish and elucidate their intriguing role in ameliorating photocatalytic activity. Moreover, the state‐of‐the‐art advancements of metal carbides in diverse photocatalytic applications, including hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, overall water splitting, and carbon dioxide reduction reaction, are summarized. In particular, insights into the structure–activity relationship of metal carbide in photocatalysis are elucidated. Finally, this review concludes with the ongoing challenges and perspectives on the future directions of metal carbides in the realm of photocatalysis.

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Synthesis of tungsten carbide nanoparticles in biochar matrix as a catalyst for dry reforming of methane to syngas

Abstract: Tungsten carbide (WC) nanoparticles were synthesized by carbothermal reduction (CR) of tungsten-promoted biochar.

Cited by 43 publications

References 58 publications

Preparation and Application of Biochar-Based Catalysts for Biofuel Production

Preparation and Application of Biochar-Based Catalysts for Biofuel Production

Carbo‐ and Methanothermal Reduction of Tungsten Trioxide into Metallic Tungsten for Thermochemical Production of Solar Fuels

Transition metal carbide‐based photocatalysts for artificial photosynthesis

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