Synthesis of Transportation Fuels from Biomass:  Chemistry, Catalysts, and Engineering

State of the art of Lewis acid-containing zeolites: lessons from fine chemistry to new biomass transformation processes

“…57 From those furfural-based molecules, probably 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural (HMF) is the most interesting precursor of high valuable polymers and biofuels. 58 A very challenging process is the efficient production of HMF from glucose since this monosaccharide is the most abundant.…”

Homogeneous Catalyzed Reactions of Levulinic Acid: To γ‐Valerolactone and Beyond

“…[15][16][17][18][19] The high energy density, lower flammablity, hydrophobic nature, low toxicity and high specific gravity of 2-MTHF make it suitable for use as fuel; thus 2-MTHF has been identified a nonpetroleum liquid fuel which can be substituted for or blended with gasoline. 2-MTHF has also been reported to be a better blend with gasoline than methanol and can be more easily integrated into the distribution stream of a refinery.…”

“…[14] 2-MTHF is a green alternative to THF that favourable physical and chemical characteristics such as higher boiling point (80.2 o C), water immiscibility, reactivity and biodegredation pathways. [15][16][17][18][19] 2-MTHF can be used a component of P-series fuel, a non-petroleum liquid fuel which can be substituted for or blended with gasoline. [7,16] The transformation of LA to GVL and beyond typically involves a series of consecutive catalytic dehydration and reduction steps; although oxidative pathways are also possible.…”

“…[15][16][17][18][19] 2-MTHF can be used a component of P-series fuel, a non-petroleum liquid fuel which can be substituted for or blended with gasoline. [7,16] The transformation of LA to GVL and beyond typically involves a series of consecutive catalytic dehydration and reduction steps; although oxidative pathways are also possible. [20] The dehydration step is acid catalysed, while reduction is achieved using a transition metal catalyst with either molecular hydrogen or formic acid as hydrogen source.…”

Sequential Enzymatic Conversion of α‐Angelica Lactone to γ‐Valerolactone through Hydride‐Independent C=C Bond Isomerization

“…At 10 μ m NADH (0.1 mol %), no reduction product was detected whereas 1 b was formed in 4 m m . The overall low recovery was attributed to reversible hydrolytic ring opening of α‐angelica lactone,9 which appeared much more unstable than the β‐isomer 1 b in aqueous solution (data not shown). The product distribution depended highly on NADH concentration, and clearly showed that 1 c arises from reduction of 1 b , which itself derives from isomerization of 1 a (Scheme 2).…”