“…In this context, the distinctive features of heterogeneous palladium catalysts include their heightened catalytic sites, exceptional selectivity, ability to control catalyst chemo-, regio-, and enantioselectivities, ease of optimizing catalytic systems, and enhanced yields, making them widely employed in Suzuki coupling reactions 16 , 20 , 21 . The challenge at hand pertains to the design and synthesis of expensive ligands essential for constructing heterogeneous catalysts, particularly when anchoring them onto solid supports through covalent attachments 22 , 23 . As a result, many cost-effective materials such as silica, carbon, zeolite, cellulose, and chitosan were explored as alternative support options 14 , 18 , 24 – 29 .…”