Synthesis of the heaviest elements in <sup>48</sup>Ca-induced reactions

Oganessian, Yu. Ts.

doi:10.1524/ract.2011.1860

Cited by 137 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…[1][2][3] Syntheses of SHE with proton number Z up to 118 have been reported. 4 Elements with Z=104-112 are members of the 6d series in the Periodic Table of the Elements. The 7p valence shell is expected to be filled in the elements with Z=113-118.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Superheavy Element Flerovium (Element 114) Is a Volatile Metal

et al. 2014

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Superheavy Element Flerovium (Element 114) Is a Volatile MetalAccess to the published version may require subscription. Superheavy Element Flerovium (Element 114) is a Volatile MetalAlexander Yakushev †, , Jacklyn M. ABSTRACT: The electron shell structure of superheavy elements, i.e., elements with atomic number Z ≥ 104, is influenced by strong relativistic effects caused by the high Z. Early atomic calculations on element 112 (copernicium, Cn) and element 114 (flerovium, Fl) having closed and quasiclosed electron shell configurations of 6d 10 7s 2 and 6d 10 7s 2 7p 1/2 , respectively, predicted them to be noble gas-like due to very strong relativistic effects on the 7s and 7p 1/2 valence orbitals. Recent fully relativistic calculations studying Cn and Fl in different environments suggest them to be less reactive compared to their lighter homologs in the groups, but still exhibiting a metallic character. Experimental gassolid chromatography studies on Cn have, indeed, revealed a metal-metal bond formation with Au. In contrast to this, for Fl, the formation of a weak bond upon physisorption on a Au surface was inferred from first experiments. Here, we report on a gas-solid chromatography study of the adsorption of Fl on a Au surface. Fl was produced in the nuclear fusion reaction 244 Pu( 48 Ca, 3-4n) 288,289 Fl and was isolated in-flight from the primary 48 Ca beam in a physical recoil separator. The adsorption behavior of Fl, its nuclear α-decay product Cn, their lighter homologs in groups 14 and 12, i.e., Pb and Hg, and the noble gas Rn were studied simultaneously by isothermal gas chromatography and thermochromatography. Two Fl atoms were detected. They adsorbed on a Au surface at room temperature in the first, isothermal part, but not as readily as Pb and Hg. The observed adsorption behavior of Fl points to a higher inertness compared to its nearest homolog in the group, Pb. However, the measured lower limit for the adsorption enthalpy of Fl on a Au surface points to the formation of a metal-metal bond of Fl with Au. Fl is the least reactive element in the group, but still a metal.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The chromatography channel is made of silicon detectors for the detection of  particles and spontaneous fission (SF) fragments. This approach was successfully applied for the first time in chemical studies on HsO 4 . 17 Cn was investigated by thermochromatography on a Au surface.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Superheavy Element Flerovium (Element 114) Is a Volatile Metal

et al. 2014

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“…Consequently, three to five neutrons are emitted before the compound nucleus has cooled. Still, because of the neutron-richness of actinides targets, these reactions yield the more neutron-rich, rela- tively long-lived isotopes used in chemical investigations of SHE; see Table 2 for used nuclides and [25,32,37,38,60,78,79] for more details.…”

Section: Nuclear Syntheses and Decaysmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This isotope, as we know it today, predominantly shows α-decay with a half-life of 3.8 s and is produced with a cross section of about 2 pb [32,35] or less [34]. Even if the authors published the observation of Cn, today, we must conclude that these early experiments did not convincingly identify 283 Cn, mostly because of false assumptions about decay properties (T 1/2 = 3 min, SF) and assuming a too high cross section; all based on the knowledge of the early 2000s.…”

Section: Copernicium (Cn Element 112)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Products were separated with the Dubna Gas-Filled Recoil Separator (DGFRS). These experiments provided a breakthrough and led to the (only for elements 114 and 116 officially accepted) discovery of elements up to 118 [30,31]; an overview is given in [32,33]. Results from a 48 Ca on 238 U experiment at SHIP [34] support data about the synthesis and decay of 3.8-s 283 Cn [35].…”

Section: Introduction and Historical Remarksmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Chemistry of superheavy elements

Schädel

2012

Radiochimica Acta

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Summary. The chemistry of superheavy elements -or transactinides from their position in the Periodic Table -is summarized. After giving an overview over historical developments, nuclear aspects about synthesis of neutron-rich isotopes of these elements, produced in hot-fusion reactions, and their nuclear decay properties are briefly mentioned. Specific requirements to cope with the one-atom-at-a-time situation in automated chemical separations and recent developments in aqueous-phase and gas-phase chemistry are presented. Exciting, current developments, first applications, and future prospects of chemical separations behind physical recoil separators ("pre-separator") are discussed in detail. The status of our current knowledge about the chemistry of rutherfordium (Rf, element 104), dubnium (Db, element 105), seaborgium (Sg, element 106), bohrium (Bh, element 107), hassium (Hs, element 108), copernicium (Cn, element 112), and element 114 is discussed from an experimental point of view. Recent results are emphasized and compared with empirical extrapolations and with fully-relativistic theoretical calculations, especially also under the aspect of the architecture of the Periodic Table.

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Radioelements

2013

Nuclear and Radiochemistry

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Synthesis of the heaviest elements in ⁴⁸Ca-induced reactions

Cited by 137 publications

References 43 publications

Superheavy Element Flerovium (Element 114) Is a Volatile Metal

Superheavy Element Flerovium (Element 114) Is a Volatile Metal

Chemistry of superheavy elements

Radioelements

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Synthesis of the heaviest elements in 48Ca-induced reactions

Cited by 137 publications

References 43 publications

Superheavy Element Flerovium (Element 114) Is a Volatile Metal

Superheavy Element Flerovium (Element 114) Is a Volatile Metal

Chemistry of superheavy elements

Radioelements

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Synthesis of the heaviest elements in ⁴⁸Ca-induced reactions