High-resolution
100 K X-ray and neutron single-crystal diffraction
data of the non-stoichiometric hydroquinone-CO2 (HQ-CO2) clathrate are combined, with the aim of providing further
insight into host–guest binding in hydroquinone clathrates,
measuring the electrostatic nature of the cavity formed by the HQ
host and, for the first time, estimating the quadrupole moment of
the CO2 guest molecule via diffraction techniques. The
experimental electron density reveals the cavity in the β-HQ
structure to be moderately electronegative and largely featureless,
but this does not mean that guest molecules are merely trapped. Calculated
binding energies for a series of HQ clathrates reveal strong interactions
with the host system and, in the case of CO2, a thermodynamic
stability comparable to, or exceeding, that of many molecular cocrystals.
The remarkable flexibility of the β-HQ host structure is explored
through an analysis of its available clathrate structures at 100 K
as well as calculated elastic tensors for crystals of β-HQ and
the HQ-CO2 clathrate. Establishing the CO2 quadrupole
moment from this analysis of the experimental diffraction data proves
challenging, but the sign and estimated range of its magnitude are
in agreement with spectroscopic measurements in the gas phase.