Synthesis of sulfonated carbon catalyst from waste orange peel for cost effective biodiesel production

Effectiveness of biogenic waste‐derived heterogeneous catalysts and feedstock hybridization techniques in biodiesel production

“…Lathiya et al 12 . also adopted this method using orange peels to esterify corn acid oil (CAO) with an acid value of 127.21 mg KOH/g.…”

“…One of the major factors hindering the production and commercialization of biodiesel is the nature of input feedstock and the available choices. Oil feedstocks and catalysts constitutes about 60–85% of the total production cost of biodiesel fuels (Lathiya et al ., 2018 1, 10–13 ), which in turn affects the general price of biodiesel for consumption, making it about one‐and‐a‐half times higher than the price of petroleum fuel, even at the level of research and development. However, the deployment of low‐cost and sustainable waste biomass materials has been suggested as one strategy to address this problem and to enhance production and affordability 14, 15 .…”

Sulfated Fly‐Ash Catalyzed Biodiesel Production from Maize Acid Oil Feedstock: A Comparative Study of Taguchi and Box‐Behnken Design

“…The F‐value of the reaction temperature is 258.38 which is larger as compared to catalyst concentration, reaction time and MAO to methanol ratio which indicates that reaction temperature is a more influencing factor for biodiesel production followed by reaction time, MAO to methanol molar ratio and the catalyst concentration in biodiesel production. Apart from these, P‐value < 0.05 is obtained for this model, which indicates that it is a significant and desirable model in this study . Further, the predicted optimization of individual response is shown in Figure S5.…”

“…The full‐range 1 H‐NMR spectrum of MAO and biodiesel are shown in Figures S7 and S8. Some common peaks are observed in both the figures, such as peak for terminal methyl group (C H 3 ‐C) at 0.8‐0.9 ppm, backbone ‐(C H 2 ) n ‐ at 1.26‐1.40 ppm, β‐methylene proton (‐C H 2 CH 2 COOH) at 1.46‐1.60 ppm, α‐methylene group attached to one double bond (=CH‐C H 2 ‐) at 1.97‐2.10 ppm, α‐methylene group attached to acid (‐C H 2 COOH) at 2.2‐2.3 ppm, α‐methylene group linked to two double bonds (=CH‐C H 2 ‐CH=) at 2.70‐2.75 ppm and for olefinic protons (‐C H =C H ‐) at 5.31‐5.35 ppm . The broad singlet peak is observed at 11.88 ppm due to the presence of hydrogen of the carboxylic acid group.…”

“…Wherein, Y represents the theoretical value of biodiesel conversion, X 1 , X 2 , X 3 and X 4 are the input reaction parameters designated to the reaction temperature, catalyst loading, reaction time and MAO to methanol molar ratio respectively. −357.3 is the intercept, 4.353, 16.4, 84.7 and 7.66 are linear coefficients ( ); 0.00999, 2.41, 9.53 and 0.4281 are the squared term coefficients ( ); 0.0899, 0.4107, 0.0327, 2.62, 0.656 and 0.755 are the interaction coefficients ( ) . The statistical analysis for BBD is shown in Table S5.…”