Abstract:Ammonium persulfate‐initiated cyclopolymerization of maleic acid (HO2CC=CCO2H) (MA) with diallylamine (–NR2, R = CH2 = CH‐CH2) derivatives (DADs): R2NH+CH2CO2− (I), R2NCH2CO2−Na+ (II), R2NCH2CO2Et (III), R2NH+(CH2)3CO2− (IV), R2N(CH2)3CO2Et (V), R2NH+(CH2)3SO3− (VI) and R2N(CH2)3SO3−Na+ (VII) gave a series of new pH‐responsive alternate copolymers: –[(DAD‐alt‐MA)]n– VIII‐XIV, respectively. Homopolymers XV and XVI of the corresponding monomers IV and V·HCl were also synthesized. The evaluation of the synthesize… Show more
“…This viscid layer seems to be a part of biofouling, as highlighted by an earlier study [ 32 , 33 ]. It has been noticed in earlier studies that the nutritive role of polyacrylate- and polyphosphonate-derived antifouling agents may cause biofouling during operation of RO membranes [ 34 ]. The spacer’s condition contributes significantly to maintaining the consistent permeate flux by RO membrane, and any blockage or malfunctioning in spacers causes serious deterioration in membrane performance [ 35 ].…”
CO2 capture and utilization (CCU) is a promising approach in controlling the global discharge of greenhouse gases (GHG). This study details the experimental investigation of CO2 utilization in membrane-based water treatment systems for lowering the potential of ionic precipitation on membrane surface and subsequent scale development. The CO2 utilization in feed water reduces the water pH that enables the dissociation of salts in their respective ions, which leave the system as a concentrate. This study compares the efficiency of CO2 and other antifouling agents (CA-1, CA-2, and CA-3) for fouling control in four different membrane-based wastewater reclamation operations. These systems include Schemes 1, 2, 3, and 4, which were operated with CA-1, CA-2, CA-3, and CO2 as antiscalants, respectively. The flux profile and percent salt rejection achieved in Scheme 4 confirmed the higher efficiency of CO2 utilization compared with other antifouling agents. This proficient role of CO2 in fouling inhibition is further endorsed by the surface analysis of used membranes. The SEM, EDS, and XRD examination confirmed the higher suitability of CO2 utilization in controlling scale deposition compared with other antiscalants. The cost estimation also supported the CO2 utilization for environmental friendly and safe operation.
“…This viscid layer seems to be a part of biofouling, as highlighted by an earlier study [ 32 , 33 ]. It has been noticed in earlier studies that the nutritive role of polyacrylate- and polyphosphonate-derived antifouling agents may cause biofouling during operation of RO membranes [ 34 ]. The spacer’s condition contributes significantly to maintaining the consistent permeate flux by RO membrane, and any blockage or malfunctioning in spacers causes serious deterioration in membrane performance [ 35 ].…”
CO2 capture and utilization (CCU) is a promising approach in controlling the global discharge of greenhouse gases (GHG). This study details the experimental investigation of CO2 utilization in membrane-based water treatment systems for lowering the potential of ionic precipitation on membrane surface and subsequent scale development. The CO2 utilization in feed water reduces the water pH that enables the dissociation of salts in their respective ions, which leave the system as a concentrate. This study compares the efficiency of CO2 and other antifouling agents (CA-1, CA-2, and CA-3) for fouling control in four different membrane-based wastewater reclamation operations. These systems include Schemes 1, 2, 3, and 4, which were operated with CA-1, CA-2, CA-3, and CO2 as antiscalants, respectively. The flux profile and percent salt rejection achieved in Scheme 4 confirmed the higher efficiency of CO2 utilization compared with other antifouling agents. This proficient role of CO2 in fouling inhibition is further endorsed by the surface analysis of used membranes. The SEM, EDS, and XRD examination confirmed the higher suitability of CO2 utilization in controlling scale deposition compared with other antiscalants. The cost estimation also supported the CO2 utilization for environmental friendly and safe operation.
“…The assignments of NMR peaks are based on numerous earlier works. [35][36][37] The absence of residual alkene signals for monomer 2 in the 1 H-(Fig. 2a) and 13 C-NMR spectrum (Fig.…”
The syntheses of poly(diallylammonium chloride) (3) and its copolymers (8a–c) containing hydrophilic/hydrophobic pendants and their role in mitigating mild steel corrosion in aggressive 20% HCOOH is not frequently discussed in the literature.
“…In search of phosphate‐free antiscalants – phosphates are detrimental to ecology, a series of homo‐ and maleic acid copolymers having CH 2 and (CH 2 ) 3 spacers in the pendants have been synthesized (Scheme 10). [58] Maleic acid 4 is led to the alternate copolymers. PZ 57 displayed a PSI of≈100 % for 60 min at a concentration of 2.5 ppm.…”
Section: Synthesis and Applications Of Ph‐responsive Cyclopolymersmentioning
This article reviews the synthesis of polyzwitterions (PZs) (poly-carboxybetaines, -phosphonobetaines, and -sulfobetaines) having multiple pH-responsive centers. The synthesis follows the Butler cyclopolymerization protocol involving a multitude of diallylammonium salts and their copolymerization with SO 2 and maleic acid. The PZs have been transformed into cationic-, anionic-polyelectrolytes, and polyampholytes under the influence of pH. Particular attention is given to the application of these polymers as antiscalants, mild steel corrosion inhibitors, components in constructing Aqueous Two-Phase Systems (ATPSs), and membrane modifiers. The ATPSs could be used to separate various biomolecules, including proteins. Many amphiphilic polymers incorporating a few mol % hydrophobic monomers have shown enhanced viscosities and could be suitable for applications in oil fields. The progress of applying Butler cyclopolymerization in reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) chemistry has been discussed. Future works are expected to focus on RAFT cyclopolymerization to construct block copolymers.
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