“…Among various efforts, semiconducting metal oxide has been popular due to the simplicity of its fabrication and low cost. , At the time of this study, a growing number of metal oxides have been used in the detection of various gases, such as tin oxide (SnO 2 ), − titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), , tungsten oxide (WO 3 ), vanadium pentoxide (V 2 O 5 ), and zinc oxide (ZnO). ,− Furthermore, indium oxide (In 2 O 3 ) has the advantage of being able to detect both reducing and oxidizing gases, − with a high sensitivity and fast response due to its high surface-to-volume ratio for gas species absorption/desorption and low-resistance pathways for charge carrier transport. However, the oxygen molecules on In 2 O 3 surface grab electrons and become adsorbed oxygen (O 2 – , O – , O 2– ) for gas detection, which usually need to be at a temperature of 100–300 °C . The high working temperature requires high power consumption that can lead to the combustion or explosion of the gas being detected. , To solve this problem, several techniques have been used, including incorporation of transition metals, application of a large electric field across the sensor terminals, and the illumination of sensors with UV radiation.…”