Synthesis of smart carriers based on tryptophan-functionalized magnetic nanoparticles and its application in 5-fluorouracil delivery

Abstract

Multifunctional nanocarriers, specifically for tumor targeting and traceable features, have been increasingly considered in cancer therapies. Herein, a novel targeting agent (TA), tryptophan (TRP), was proposed for the synthesis of functionalized (3-aminopropyl) triethoxysilane-iron oxide nanoparticles using two methods, creating a smart drug delivery system (DDS). In one method, two-step, glutaraldehyde (GA) as a linker, bonded TRP and amino-functionalized magnetite, and in the second method, one step, TRP binding was carried out by (3-dimethyl aminopropyl)-N’-ethyl carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC)/N-hydroxysuccinimide ester. The synthesis yield of the second method was 7% higher than the first method. After synthesizing DDS, 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) was loaded on nanocarriers and was observed TRP functionalized nanoparticles by GA have better loading efficiency, which was 50% greater than the product from the one-step method. A pH-sensitive release profile was also studied for 5-FU/DDS with the release of almost 75% and 50% at pH 5.5 and 7.4, respectively. To analyze the biological aspects of nanocarriers, human breast cancer, MCF-7, and embryonic kidney, HEK293, cell lines were used for cellular uptake and 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays. In vitro studies confirmed that TRP can act as a TA as its cellular uptake through cancerous cells was 40% greater than normal cells, and the MTT assay confirmed that using DDS can increase and decrease the cell viability of normal cells and cancerous cells, respectively, compared to free drug. Therefore, it was concluded that advanced nano-assembly is a great candidate for breast cancer cell-targeted delivery.

Role of Iron Oxide (Fe2O3) Nanocomposites in Advanced Biomedical Applications: A State-of-the-Art Review

“…Nanotechnology offers tremendous applications in biomedical engineering for loading therapeutic cures, specifically in cancer treatments. Thanks to their unique surface features, nanoparticles (NPs) can offer a promising platform for loading therapeutic agents in drug delivery systems [ 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 ]. The interaction of NPs with biological systems has offered the simultaneous possibility of targeted drug delivery, monitoring, and therapy.…”

Ultrasound-driven fabrication of hybrid magnetic tryptophan nanoparticles

“…Mathur et al 21 reported a tryptophan-conjugated magnetic nanoparticle targeting tumours using overexpressed LAT1 transporters and showed promising results for imaging applications. In addition, Tokmedash et al 22 synthesised a targeted drug delivery system for treating breast cancer cells by tagging tryptophan to MNPs using 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane as the crosslinker. In general, the preparation of all these hybrid magnetic nanoparticles typically requires multiple reaction and purification steps and the use of toxic coupling agents, which could compromise the biocompatibility of the final products.…”

The function of chitosan/agarose biopolymer on Fe2O3 nanoparticles and evaluation of their effects on MCF‐7 breast cancer cell line and expression of BCL2 and BAX genes

“…Magnetic nanoparticles can be exposed to a constant magnetic field, and heat is absorbed in the alternating magnetic field through electromagnetic waves 12,13 . Because of the large surface area and small size of magnetic nanoparticles, they can simply reach the lesion site 14,15 . Magnetic nanoparticles capable of conducting by external magnetic fields have a high potential as drug carriers and are therefore used to treat resistant tumors with the most negligible toxicity to healthy tissue or organs.…”

“…12,13 Because of the large surface area and small size of magnetic nanoparticles, they can simply reach the lesion site. 14,15 Magnetic nanoparticles capable of conducting by external magnetic fields have a high potential as drug carriers and are therefore used to treat resistant tumors with the most negligible toxicity to healthy tissue or organs. Iron oxide paramagnetic nanoparticles are easily synthesized, biocompatible, and exhibit paramagnetic cloud properties.…”