Synthesis of Sm³⁺ and Gd³⁺ Ions Embedded in Nano-Structure Barium Titanate Prepared by Sol-Gel Technique: Terahertz, Dielectric and Up-Conversion Study

Abstract

Nano-structure Barium Titanate (BaTiO3) doped with 1 mole% Sm3+ and Gd3+ ions have been synthesized by modified sol-gel process. The tetragonal perovskite structure has been demonstrated by means of X-ray diffraction and selected area electron diffraction obtained by high resolution transmission microscopy. The XRD and HRTEM have been used for estimation the grain size, which found to be around 38.36 and 33.26 nm. The scanning electron microscope micrographs asserted the formation of agglomerated particles, which is characteristic of many nano-systems. The green emission has been observed at 528, 567 and 597 nm, whereas red group emission at 604, 611, 632, 643, 660, 672, 688, 716 and 732. The thermal stability and the purity of the synthesized material were confirmed by the results of Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Two relaxation processes were observed in the dielectric loss εʹ as well as in the modulus spectra of both samples. The dielectric behavior was further discussed in the range of terahertz by using the time domain terahertz spectrophotometer. the refractive index in terahertz were found to be dwindle, whereas the absorption coefficient improved upon increasing THz frequencies.

Structural, morphological, optical, and dielectric properties of PVA‐PVP filled with zinc oxide aluminum‐graphene oxide composite for promising applications

“…This is the characteristic behavior of polymer nanocomposites. 41,57,58 For other cases (ZPP3, ZPP5 and ZPP7), the ε 0 value is strongly increases upon decreasing the frequency. This is due to the reorientation of the charge being comparable with the reoriented electric field.…”

“…This is a common behavior of polymeric samples. 41 Using Equation ( 8), it is clear that the conductivity is boosted five-order upon adding only 1 wt% (ZPP1; cf. Figure 11C).…”

Effect of Co‐Doping on the Structural and Dielectric Properties of La0.8K0.2MnO3 Perovskite

“…[6,7] In contrast, considerable attention has been employed to the Pechini sol-gel method for the preparation of perovskites, which innovate pure and homogenous nanoparticles to exhibit specified physical properties. [8][9][10][10][11][12][13][14][15][16] The general manganite formula LaMnO 3 exhibits an orthorhombic crystal structure with a predominant Jahn-Teller effect. It presents also an antiferromagnetic (AFM) interaction dominated by a superexchange coupling between Mn 3þ sites.…”

“…In contrast, considerable attention has been employed to the Pechini sol–gel method for the preparation of perovskites, which innovate pure and homogenous nanoparticles to exhibit specified physical properties. [ 8–10,10–16 ]…”

Enhancement in Adhesive and Thermal Properties of Bio‐based Epoxy Resin by Using Eugenol Grafted Cellulose Nanocrystals

“…CNCs have been used both in modi ed and unmodi ed forms for the development of products for several years, useful in commercial and industrial elds [29][30][31]. Cellulose nanocrystals extracted from abundant cellulose nano-llers having strength-to-weight ratio have been used as reinforcing agent for epoxy composites [32,33]. Recently, CNCs have been reported as sustainable biosource material, which serve as a valuable colloidal stabilizer [34,35].…”