Synthesis of silica nanoparticles in a continuous-flow microwave reactor

Corradi, A. Bonamartini; Bondioli, Federica; Ferrari, Anna María; Focher, B.; Leonelli, Cristina

doi:10.1016/j.powtec.2006.05.009

Cited by 62 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…The hydrothermal technique provides an excellent potential for processing many materials from crystals to nanoparticles (e.g., SiO 2 , TiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , SnO 2 , HfO 2 , Fe 3 O 4 , CdTe and others for which it is also possible to make doped powders) [56][57][58][59][60][61][62][63]. The MW synthesis produces more consistent samples than the sol-gel method.…”

Section: Inorganic Synthesis Of Nanomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Trends in the Development of Microwave Reactors for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials in Laboratories and Industries: A Review

et al. 2018

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Microwave energy has been in use for many applications for more than 50 years, from communication, food processing, and wood drying to chemical reactions and medical therapy. The areas, where microwave technology is applied, include drying, calcination, decomposition, powder synthesis, sintering, and chemical process control. Before the year 2000, microwaves were used to produce ceramics, semiconductors, polymers, and inorganic materials; in next years, some new attempts were made as well. Nowadays, it has been found that microwave sintering can also be applied to sintered powder and ceramics and is more effective than conventional sintering. Particularly interesting is its use for the synthesis of nanomaterials. This review identifies the main sources of microwave generation, the delivery mechanisms of microwave energy, and the typical designs and configurations of microwave devices, as well as the measurement and construction material problems related to microwave technology. We focus our attention on the configurations, materials, optimized geometries, and solvents used for microwave devices, providing examples of products, especially nanoparticles and other nanomaterials. The identified microwave devices are divided into four groups, depending on the scale, the maximum pressure developed, the highest temperature for sintering, or other special multi-functions. The challenges of using microwave energy for the synthesis of nanopowders have been identified as well. The desirable characteristics of microwave reactors in the synthesis of nanostructures, as well as their superiority over conventional synthetic methods, have been presented. We have also provided a review of the commercial and self-designed microwave reactors, digestors, and sintering furnaces for technology for synthesis of nanomaterials and other industries.

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Section: Inorganic Synthesis Of Nanomaterialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Trends in the Development of Microwave Reactors for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials in Laboratories and Industries: A Review

et al. 2018

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“…Particularly, the use of lower frequencies for a given material or solution will increase its D p , as is clearly evident from Equation 4. Moreover, continuous flow syntheses are another interesting solution to the limitations of the reduced microwave penetration depth (when treating large batch reactors) [52][53][54][55] during the scaling up of microwave-hydrothermal technology. In this latter perspective, the use of multiple MW sources represents a further option.…”

Section: Energy Efficiency Issuesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Energy Supply to the Reaction Mixture during Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal and Combustion Synthesis of Inorganic Materials

2014

Self Cite

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The use of microwaves to perform inorganic synthesis allows the direct transfer of electromagnetic energy inside the reaction mixture, independently of the temperature manifested therein. The conversion of microwave (MW) radiation into heat is useful in overcoming the activation energy barriers associated with chemical transformations, but the use of microwaves can be further extended to higher temperatures, thus creating unusual high-energy environments. In devising synthetic methodologies to engineered nanomaterials, hydrothermal synthesis and solution combustion synthesis can be used as reference systems to illustrate effects related to microwave irradiation. In the first case, energy is transferred to the entire reaction volume, causing a homogeneous temperature rise within a closed vessel in a few minutes, hence assuring uniform crystal growth at the nanometer scale. In the second case, strong exothermic combustion syntheses can benefit from the application of microwaves to convey energy to the reaction not only during the ignition step, but also while it is occurring and even after its completion. In both approaches, however, the direct interaction of microwaves with the reaction mixture can lead to practically gradient-less heating profiles, on the basis of which the main observed characteristics and properties of the aforementioned reactions and products can be explained.

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“…Research and development on silica thin films has witnessed important progresses in the last few years with regard to particle synthesis. Spray pyrolysis [1], colloidal techniques [2][3][4][5], water-in-oil microemulsion [6], micelle processing [7], hydrothermal synthesis [8] and sol-gel methods are considered to be the leading synthetic techniques [9,10] in silica nanoparticle preparation. Many researchers have been a firm supporter of the sol-gel method owing to its simplicity, ease to produce uniform films, cost-effectiveness, and good applicability to the large industrial areas [11][12][13][14][15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fractal Features and Structural, Morphological, Optical Characteristics of Sol-Gel Derived Silica Nanoparticled Thin Films

Uysal

Pekcan

2018

Acta Phys. Pol. A

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Nanostructured silica films using a simple and effective sol-gel spin coating technique were synthesized and the influence of ammonia/sol ratios on the particle size and thickness of this film was investigated. In addition, fractal dimensions of the prepared films were determined using the scattering response technique. The samples were characterized by atomic force microscopy and UV-vis spectroscopy. Comparing optical method and image analysis of atomic force microscopy micrographs, the fractal dimension of silica nanoparticled thin films was determined. The fractal dimensions of the films verified by atomic force microscopy analysis were found to be around 2.03 which is very close to the values (2.0358, 2.0325, and 2.0335) obtained using optical method. As a result of these findings, precise determination of the nanoparticled silica thin films fractal dimension using both optical and surface analysis methods was realized.

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Synthesis of silica nanoparticles in a continuous-flow microwave reactor

Cited by 62 publications

References 13 publications

Current Trends in the Development of Microwave Reactors for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials in Laboratories and Industries: A Review

Current Trends in the Development of Microwave Reactors for the Synthesis of Nanomaterials in Laboratories and Industries: A Review

Direct Energy Supply to the Reaction Mixture during Microwave-Assisted Hydrothermal and Combustion Synthesis of Inorganic Materials

Fractal Features and Structural, Morphological, Optical Characteristics of Sol-Gel Derived Silica Nanoparticled Thin Films

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