Synthesis of Polynorbornadiene within the Pores of Activated Carbons: Effects on EDLC and Hydrogen Adsorption Performances

Abstract

Norbornadiene (NBD) is adsorbed on activated carbon (AC), and the adsorbed NBD is polymerized within the pores of AC. Two kinds of ACs�AC-2 with only micropores of ∼2 nm and AC-4 with not only micropores but also mesopores below 4 nm�are examined to study the effects of the hybridized polynorbornadiene (PNBD) on the electric double-layer capacitor and hydrogen adsorption performance. Various measurements are performed to determine the form of the hybridized PNBD inside the pores of AC. Scanning and transmittance electron microscopy observations of the AC/PNBD hybrids confirm that PNBD is hybridized inside the pores of AC, and there is little PNBD on the surface of AC particles. The nitrogen adsorption/desorption measurement for the hybrids of AC-4 reveals that PNBD is not hybridized preferentially inside micropores rather than mesopores irrespective of the amount of PNBD. In addition, both micropore and mesopore volumes decrease at a constant rate with increasing amounts of PNBD. These results suggest that PNBD is hybridized not as a layer but as an agglomerate for both ACs, and the agglomerate delocalizes over the whole AC pores, which is supported by the results of electrochemical measurements and hydrogen adsorption behavior of the hybrids.

Radical polymerization of polydivinylbenzene in the pores of activated carbon and structural characterization

“…[40][41][42][43] We have also confirmed the similar pore size effects on the EDLC and hydrogen adsorption performances using two ACs with different pore sizes; one was microporous AC and another AC was the same as the AC used in this study. [28] Therefore, the layer model is advantageous for adjusting pore sizes of porous carbons. Fig.…”

“…The following characterizations were performed according to the reported methods: [27,28,30] X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry (TG), nitrogen and hydrogen adsorption/desorption, and Raman spectroscopy analyses; density measurement. The specific surface areas of the samples were calculated by the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method using the adsorption isotherm in the P/P0 range from 0.05 to 0.20.…”

“…[24][25][26] Meanwhile, as is the case with activated carbon (AC), hybridized gust materials consisting of light elements are invisible by TEM when they are hybridized inside the pores of amorphous porous carbons. We have recently reported the hybridization of polydicyclooctadiene (PDCPD) [27] and polynorbornadiene (PNBD) [28] inside the pores of AC.…”

High utilization efficiencies of alkylbenzokynones hybridized inside the pores of activated carbon for electrochemical capacitor electrodes

“…Finally, the CV of the counter electrode was carried out to confirm the elution of BQDs from the working electrode and their subsequent adsorption on the counter electrode. The volumetric current in the voltammograms was calculated from the following equation (for details, see the ESI†): 16,20,23,24 where I g is the gravimetric current ( i.e. , the current per 1 g of AC or AC/BQD hybrids), ρ ex AC is the electrode density of AC ( i.e.…”

Waste Citrus reticulata Assisted Preparation of Cobalt Oxide Nanoparticles for Supercapacitors

“…Based on the principle of energy storage mechanism, they are of two types: one electric double-layer capacitance (EDLCs) and pseudocapacitor [ 4 ]. The EDLC stores energy through electrostatic interaction between the ions, forming the double layer on the electrode surface [ 5 ]. The pseudocapacitor stores charges through the electrochemical faradaic redox reactions [ 6 ].…”