Synthesis of polybenzimidazole (PBI) forward osmosis (FO) membrane and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling of concentration gradient across membrane surface

Influence of graphene oxide lateral size on the properties and performances of forward osmosis membrane

“…resource recovery [5], wastewater treatment [6], brine or seawater dilution [7,8], osmotic membrane bioreactors [9], concentration of aqueous products like fruit juice [10] and dairy whey [11]. The difference in osmotic potential between the draw solution (DS) and feed solution (FS) mainly drives the water through the semi-permeable membrane in FO processes without the need for hydraulic pressure [12]. As a result, these processes are associated with many desirable characteristics like (1) potential for high water recovery, (2) desirable rejection of numerous contaminants, (3) low fouling tendency, and (3) possibly less energy consumption depending on the type of application [13].…”

Surface modification of thin-film composite forward osmosis membranes with polyvinyl alcohol–graphene oxide composite hydrogels for antifouling properties

“…Fouling in FO processes is more reversible than pressure-driven processes due to the absence of hydraulic pressure, thus, forming a less compact organic fouling layer that can be removed by simple backwashing and flushing. Hence, membrane cleaning in FO is much simpler than the pressuredriven processes without significant requirement of chemical cleaning [6][7][8]. Therefore, FO membranes have been extensively researched for application in osmotic membrane bioreactor (OMBR) for wastewater treatment and reuse [9]; and can produce high-quality water by rejecting pathogens, particles and total dissolved solids (TDS).…”

Recent advances in nanomaterial-modified polyamide thin-film composite membranes for forward osmosis processes

“…In a FO process, water moves from a low concentrated feed to a highly concentrated draw solution through a semi-permeable membrane, while rejecting solutes on both sides of the membrane. Pure water is then separated from the diluted draw solution using a suitable separation technique [13,14]. However, the draw solute regeneration step in the FO process is significantly energy-intensive, which makes direct desalination with RO more energy-efficient than FO [15].…”