Synthesis of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) nanoparticles via chemical oxidation polymerization

Abstract

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) nanoparticles were synthesized via chemical oxidation polymerization using 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene as the starting monomer and ammonium peroxydisulfate (APS) as the oxidant. The effects of APS concentration, surfactant concentration and type of surfactant, namely dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid and sodium dodecylsulfate, were investigated. Distinct particle shapes were obtained: irregular, raspberry agglomerate, coralliform, orange-peel, globular and plum shapes. The particle sizes and the electrical conductivity are in the ranges 60 to 900 nm and <1 to 153 S cm −1 , respectively, depending on the polymerization conditions. PEDOT synthesis in the absence of a surfactant yields a smaller particle size because a larger amount of initiator induces lower molecular weights and smaller PEDOT particles. The smaller PEDOT particles correspond to higher electrical conductivity because of the larger surface areas for electron transfer and a smaller amount of obstructing surfactant aliphatic segments. Moreover, particle size and shape can be varied, depending on surfactant type and concentration which dictate the micellar shapes in the polymerization reaction. This work is focused on the tailor-made PEDOT shape and property relationship under synthesis conditions where several shapes have not been previously seen.

Synthesis of nano-sized polyindole via emulsion polymerization and doping

“…Indole monomers are synthesized in the smaller micelles providing the smaller PIn particles. At a concentration very high above CMC, the large amount of surfactant micelles generate the micelle fusion and eventually creates a large particle size formation along with the PIn agglomeration [43]. Scheme 3 presents the proposed micelle formations of different surfactant types.…”

“…However, a higher this concentration causes an agglomeration and forms an irregular shape. The agglomeration of PIn particles occurs owing to the creation of micelle fusion resulting in a larger particle sizes and the permissible connection of the PIn particles [43]. For the PIn-SDS/APS, the particle size and shape were the similar to those of the PIn-SDS/FeCl 3 , the particle size was reduced from 331.3 AE 57.5 to 94.2 AE 26.4 nm at the 1:0.05 N indole /N SDS mole ratio and then it increases with increasing mole ratio.…”

Morphology and electrical properties of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)/titanium dioxide nanocomposites

“…[10][11][12] PEDOT consisted of 3,4-disubstituted thiophene rings has been widely used because of its promising electrical conductivity with low band gap, transparency, thermal and environmental stabilities. 13,14 The oxygen-bearing substitute could offer stability for free radicals and positive charge by intramolecular delocalization because of the six-membered dioxane ring structure. Owing to its excellent electronic properties (electrical conductivity, electrochromic properties) and high stability, PEDOT is one of the most industrially important conjugated polymers.…”

“…Owing to its excellent electronic properties (electrical conductivity, electrochromic properties) and high stability, PEDOT is one of the most industrially important conjugated polymers. [14][15][16] Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ), a compound that is both common and abundant, has been widely used for several applications in diverse areas such as pigmentations, cosmetics, coatings, and water purification because of its flexibility as a compound. TiO 2 comprises many unique phases and crystal systems responsible for its behavior under certain conditions.…”

Vanadium-oxide-based electrode materials for Li-ion batteries

“…[198,233] The peaks at 2θ = 6.5° and 12.8° can be assigned to a structurally similar system where the interchain packing is along the pseudoorthorhombic a axis, while the diffraction peak at 2θ = 26.2° can be attributed to the interchain planar ring-stacking distance. [234] As for pure MWCNTs, two diffraction peaks appear at 25.9° and 43.4°, corresponding to (002) and (100) [236] indicating that the main crystalline phase in these samples is V2O5. The peaks of MWCNTs and PEDOT were masked by the strong diffraction pattern of V2O5.…”