Synthesis of phenylpropanes during pollen development

Abstract

The synthesis and accumulation of several phenylpropanes in the anther content (pollen+tapetum fraction) during microsporogenesis has been investigated by chromatographic techniques in Narcissus pseudonarcissus, Lilium candidum, and in the Darwin tulip "Apeldoorn".In these species, the pigmentation process is initiated by the synthesis of several cinnamic acid derivates (mainly derivates of ferulic acid) during meiosis II. In Narcissus, and intense synthesis of kaempferol glycosides takes place during the separation of the tetrad which follows immediately upon its formation. In Tulipa and Lilium, however, chalcones are synthesized in an intermediate phase before flavonols and anthocyanins (in Tulipa) are produced in significant amounts.In Tulipa, the investigations revealed the following sequence in the pigmentation process: cinnamic acid derivatives-chalcone-flavonols-anthocyanins. The sequence is discussed in relation to flavonoid biosynthesis. Because of biogenetic considerations a special emphasis is laid on the "chalcone stage". Chromatographic and spectroscopic data show that the isomerization product of the chalcone is eriodictyol. Accordingly, this chalcone must be 2',3,4,4',6'-pentahydroxychalcone. Other chalcones could not be identified.During anthesis the following aglycones are accumulated in the pollen of Tulipa cv. "Apeldoorn": ferulic acid, p-coumaric acid, kaempferol, quercetin, isorhamnetin, delphinidin, and small traces of the pentahydroxy-chalcone, which is the main pigment in the intermediate stages of microsporogenesis.On the basis of histochemical findings, it is suggested that at least the final steps of synthesis leading to flavonol and anthocyanidin glycosides take place on the pollen wall in the loculus of the anthers, that is, in the extracellular space.

Scanning electron microscopical observations on compatible and incompatible pollen-stigma interactions in Brassica

“…Lilium (HESLOP-HARRI-SON 1968); Desmodium (Buss et ul. 1969); Hellehorus (ECHLIN and GODWIN 1969) l-hum (ROGERS and HARRIS 1969) and Tulipa (WIERMANN 1970) that the outer layer of the exine is deposited by the sporophyte through the tapetal cells. Perhaps the principal basis of the sporophytically determined self-incompatibility 'barrier' is that the sporophyte does not 'recognize' itself.…”

Evolution of diabroticite rootworm beetle (Chrysomelidae) receptors for Cucurbita blossom volatiles.

“…Phenylpropanoids are produced from cinnamic acid in relatively large amounts during pollen maturation in blossoms (11,12). Thus, the remarkable long-range attraction of many species of diabroticites to the blossoms of Cucurbitaceae implies that the original coevolutionary association between Cucurbitaceae and diabroticites (5) was that of pollen seeking and consequent fertilization.…”

Bud necrosis, a storage disease of tulips. III. The influence of ethylene and mites

“…Too little is known about these systems to permit assessment of the contribution of the processes of cell division and expansion to the elongation growth of the different parts of tulip buds. Since the stamens are one of the most dominant organs within developing buds (Mulder and Luyten, 1928;Beijer, 1952) having an active synthetizing metabolism (Wiermann, 1970), and since they react in different degrees to ethylene during their development, these organs offer a good object for further investigation.…”