Synthesis of nonuniform sparse linear array antenna using whale optimization algorithm

Emerging Swarm Intelligence Algorithms and Their Applications in Antenna Design: The GWO, WOA, and SSA Optimizers

“…The WOA [35] has also been employed recently in various optimization problems of antenna design. The optimization problem of sidelobe suppression has been addressed in [64][65][66][67][68]. In detail, Yuan et al [64] applied the WOA to the synthesis of a sparse antenna array.…”

“…The optimization problem of sidelobe suppression has been addressed in [64][65][66][67][68]. In detail, Yuan et al [64] applied the WOA to the synthesis of a sparse antenna array. Their objective was to achieve a significantly lower peak sidelobe level (pSSL) value in the radiation pattern of the antenna array.…”

Reducing the number of elements of linear antenna arrays using Fourier's coefficients equating method

“…To reduce the number of elements while keeping the array factor unchanged, the spaces between the elements had better be different. The special types of arrays created in this way are called nonuniformly spaced antenna arrays (NSAA) [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22].…”

“…These methods can be divided into two main groups. First group includes various optimization procedures such as genetic algorithm (GA), dynamic programming (DP), particle swarm optimization (PSO), differential evolution algorithm (DEA) [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11]. Second group includes various analytical procedures such as perturbation, integral techniques, probabilistic approaches, matrix pencil method (MPM) and iterations methods [12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29].…”