Synthesis of Natural Nano-Hydroxyapatite from Snail Shells and Its Biological Activity: Antimicrobial, Antibiofilm, and Biocompatibility

Abstract

Hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAn) have been produced as biomaterial from biowaste, especially snail shells (Atactodea glabrata). It is critical to recycle the waste product in a biomedical application to overcome antibiotic resistance as well as biocompatibility with normal tissues. Moreover, EDX, TEM, and FT-IR analyses have been used to characterize snail shells and HAn. The particle size of HAn is about 15.22 nm. Furthermore, higher inhibitory activity was observed from HAn than the reference compounds against all tested organisms. The synthesized HAn has shown the lowest MIC values of about 7.8, 0.97, 3.9, 0.97, and 25 µg/mL for S. aureus, B. subtilis, K. pneumonia, C. albicans, and E. coli, respectively. In addition, the HAn displayed potent antibiofilm against S. aureus and B. subtilis. According to the MTT, snail shell and HAn had a minor influence on the viability of HFS-4 cells. Consequently, it could be concluded that some components of waste, such as snail shells, have economic value and can be recycled as a source of CaO to produce HAn, which is a promising candidate material for biomedical applications.

Chemical Bonding of Biomolecules to the Surface of Nano-Hydroxyapatite to Enhance Its Bioactivity

“…Hydroxyapatite (HA) has unique properties as its composition and structure are almost similar to the natural HA of human teeth and bones [1,2]. It belongs to an important class of ceramics (Ca 10 (PO 4 ) 6 (OH) 2 ) and is commonly used in the reconstruction of bone defects [3] resulting from trauma, congenital abnormality, and bone diseases [4,5].…”

Marine Plankton-Derived Whitlockite Powder-Based 3D-Printed Porous Scaffold for Bone Tissue Engineering

“…To overcome this, many studies have been conducted on bioceramic materials obtained from natural sources similar in chemical composition to that of the bone tissue for excellent bone regeneration. Since HAp or β-TCP extracted from natural sources such as egg shells [ 23 ], snail shells [ 24 ], fish bones [ 25 ], and corals [ 26 ] contain trace elements, they exhibit superior cell proliferation and promote differentiation than the stoichiometric HAp or β-TCP do.…”

Extraction of natural hydroxyapatite for biomedical applications—A review

“…Ahmed and teammates [ 113 ] extracted HA from snail shells using calcination and precipitation methods. The size of HA powder lies between 13.3 and 15.2 nm in diameter.…”