“…A variety of methods, such as electrochemical, − chemical, − electrical, magnetic, thermal, − photoinduced, biological, and ultrasound-assisted methods, have been adopted to modify, improve, and control crystallinity and structure of NPs for desired properties. For instance, metallic NPs with high-index facets could be synthesized by applying an additional square-wave electrical potential. − These NPs have high-energy surfaces and high electrocatalysis activities.…”