Synthesis of molecularly imprinted polypyrrole as an adsorbent for solid‐phase extraction of warfarin from human plasma and urine

Abstract

The aim of this work was to develop a method for the clean-up and preconcentration of warfarin from biological sample employing a new molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) as a selective adsorbent for solid-phase extraction (SPE). This MIP was synthesized using warfarin as a template, pyrrole as a functional monomer and vinyl triethoxysilane as a cross-linker. The molar ratio of 1:4:20 (template-functional monomer-cross-linker) showed the best results. Nonimprinted polymers (NIPs) were prepared and treated with the same method, but in the absence of warfarin. The prepared polymer was characterized by Fourier transmission infrared spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy. An adsorption process (SPE) for the removal of warfarin using the fabricated MIPs and NIPs was evaluated under various conditions. Effective parameters on warfarin extraction, for example, type and volume of elution solvent, pH of sample solution, breakthrough volume and maximum loading capacity, were studied. The limits of detection were in the range of 0.0035-0.0050 µg mL(-1). Linearity of the method was determined in the range of 0.0165-10.0000 µg mL(-1) for plasma and 0.0115-10.0000 µg mL(-1) for urine with coefficients of determination (R(2)) ranging from 0.9975 to 0.9985. The recoveries for plasma and urine samples were >95%.

Synthesis of magnetic nanoparticle‐based molecularly imprinted polymer as a selective sorbent for efficient extraction of ezetimibe from biological samples

“…Blank plasma and urine samples were provided by healthy donors. In order to eliminate the protein binding of the drug in plasma (>99%), pretreatment, as outlined in the work of Peyrovi et al, was performed (Peyrovi & Hadjmohammadi, ). For this purpose, 3 mL methanol was added to 2 mL of the plasma and the resulting mixture was strongly vortexed for 10 min.…”

Molecularly Imprinted Polymers

“…MIPs have been employed in numerous applications apart from sensing. These applications include targeted drug delivery, − in some ways the opposite of drug sensing, chromatographic separations of related molecules and food adulterants, − …”

Molecularly Imprinted Polymer‐Based Electrochemical Sensor for In Situ Detection of Free Proline in Cucumber Leaves

“…PPy also possesses certain cross-linking properties, therefore, the cross-linking agent is un-required for PPybased MIPs. [21] In addition, PPy is conductive, which makes it easy to use the electrochemical method for the extraction and rebinding of the template. Therefore, in this work, a PPy-based electrochemical MIP sensor was constructed for determining proline.…”

“…Among various functional monomers to form MIP, Polypyrrole (PPy) has the advantages of being easily oxidizable, soluble, and environmentally stable. PPy also possesses certain cross‐linking properties, therefore, the cross‐linking agent is un‐required for PPy‐based MIPs [21] . In addition, PPy is conductive, which makes it easy to use the electrochemical method for the extraction and rebinding of the template.…”