Synthesis of molecularly imprinted nanoparticles for selective exposure assessment of permethrin: optimization by response surface methodology

Abstract

Background Extensive use of high-efficiency pyrethroid pesticides as pest-control agents lead to remarkable adsorption and release of these materials in soil and aquatic environment which could have serious adverse effects on water and food chain quality as well as human health. In this study, a molecularly imprinted polymer was synthesized and used as a selective sorbent in the sample preparation procedure in order to facilitate sensitive and quantitative exposure assessment of insecticide permethrin. Methods Molecular imprinted nanoparticles were prepared by precipitation polymerization technique using 1:4:20 mmol ratio of the template, functional monomer, and cross-linker, respectively, as well as 80 mL of chloroform as progen solvent. The obtained nanoparticles were characterized by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR). The optimization of critical variables in the MISPE process was done using the central composite design (CCD) of the response surface methodology. Results Quadratic regressional models were developed to correlate the response and independent variables and the analysis of variance (ANOVA) verified the excellent fitting of proposed models for experimental data. Optimum conditions for the highest MISPE yield were selected as follow: sorbent mass of 7.71 mg, sample pH 5.58 and 5.68 for cis and trans-permethrin, respectively, sample flow rate of 0.6 mL/min, as well as 5 and 3.94 mL of methanol/acetic acid at the flow rate of 2 mL/min as elution solvents for cis and trans-permethrin, respectively. Under optimized conditions, the linear range was obtained 20-120 μg/L (R2 = 0.99) and the detection limits were 5.51 and 5.72 μg/L for cis and trans-permethrin, respectively. Analysis of real samples demonstrated the high extraction efficiency of designed protocol ranging from 93.01 to 97.14 with the relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 4.51%. Conclusions The satisfactory results confirmed the reliability and efficiency of the proposed method for trace analysis of permethrin isomers in biological and environmental samples.

Solidified floating organic droplet microextraction coupled with HPLC for rapid determination of trans, trans muconic acid in benzene biomonitoring

“…The total runs number (N) ( 2 K + 2 K + N 0 , which, k is introduced as the number of variables and N 0 is the number of central points) was calculated to be 32 runs with central and axial points (α = 2) (Table S1 , Supplementary information). The results obtained from the CCD were fitted to the following polynomial equation: where Y is a predicted response, n is the number of parameters, xi, xj are independent variables in coded units ,b0, bi, bii, bij are the regression coefficients, and is the residual error 29 , 30 . As denoted previously, we had five independent variables (i = 1,2,3,4,5) which is shown by A,B,C,D, E as code names.…”

MIP-based extraction techniques for the determination of antibiotic residues in edible meat samples: Design, performance & recent developments

“…Due to their excellent affinity and selectivity towards the template or template-like molecules, MIPs can be successfully applied in solid-phase sample preparation techniques via replacing conventional solid-phase with molecularly imprinted solid-phase. (Bitas & Samanidou, 2018;Hatamabadi et al, 2020) Utilizing MIPs has significantly improved the efficiency of extraction techniques and resulted in new and powerful extraction approaches such as molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (MISPE) (Keçili et al 2020;Kupai et al, 2017;Heravizadeh et al, 2019Hussain and Keçili, 2019;Keçili and Hussain 2018;Keçili and Denizli 2021), dispersive molecularly imprinted solid-phase extraction (D-MISPE) (Büyüktiryaki et al, 2020;Alenazi et al, 2016;Sierra & Morante-Zarcero, 2018), molecularly imprinted matrix solid-phase dispersion (MI-MSPD) (Wen et al, 2012;Yan et al, 2007), molecularly imprinted solid-phase microextraction (MISPME) (Ansari & Karimi, 2017), and EC-sensor based MIPs (Mostafiz et al, 2021). The two most important advantages of MIPs are their selectivity and stability at high temperatures, different pressures, and pHs (Sadegh et al, 2021;Alipanahpour Dil et al, 2021).…”

Recent Advances in the Recognition Elements of Sensors to Detect Pyrethroids in Food: A Review

“…Therefore, MIPs are often used as substitutes for natural antibodies, receptors, and enzymes in biosensors due to their predetermination, recognition and practicability, simple preparation, low cost, and good chemical stability [ 55 ] and wide use in environmental monitoring. For instance, Heravizadeh et al [ 56 ] synthesized an MIP with highly specific adsorption for permethrin by precipitation polymerization. The adsorption mass of cis-permethrin and trans-permethrin was up to 7.71 mg, and the method was reliable and effective for the detection of permethrin isomers in biological and environmental samples.…”