Synthesis of macroporous monolithic materials from a waste renewable source

Abstract

Interconnected porous monolithic materials can be directly obtained from non‐templating methods by reacting raw Kraft black liquor with epichlorohydrin either in the presence or not of surfactant, whereas extracted lignin leads to non‐porous materials. In the presence of a surfactant, micelles organization takes place and porosity of 40–60% can be achieved. Without surfactant, chemically induced phase separation occurs, giving materials with agglomerated nodules morphology. Carbonization followed by activation with CO2 yield monolithic micro/mesoporous carbons with surface area of 300 m2 g−1. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015, 132, 41215.

Emulsion Templating: Porous Polymers and Beyond

“…The PHs had densities between 0.46 and 0.47 g/cm 3 , Young’s moduli ranging from 50 to 110 MPa, and compressive strengths ranging from 8 to 11 MPa. Emulsion-templated polymers were produced from kraft black liquor (an aqueous solution of lignin residues that is a pulp and paper waste product) mixed with epichlorohydrin (the cross-linker) in the external phase and either 1,2-dichloroethane or castor oil in the internal phase. − Macroporous carbons with high SSAs, indicating micropores and mesopores, were subsequently generated through carbonization. In addition, porous NC-PHs that were based on a renewable resource monomer (acrylated epoxidized soybean oil) were templated within w/o Pickering emulsions stabilized by using renewable resource nanofibrils (hydrophobized bacterial cellulose) .…”

Kraft Black Liquor as a Carbonaceous Source for the Generation of Porous Monolithic Materials and Applications toward Hydrogen Adsorption and Ultrastable Supercapacitors

“…After drying, a brown cylindrical self-standing sample (Figure B) was obtained. Cross-linking occurs by the chemical reaction between the alcohol moieties found in lignin and/or hemicellulose with the chlorine and oxirane functions of epichlorhydrin, thereby creating glycerol bridges between oligomers. , …”

“…Cross-linking occurs by the chemical reaction between the alcohol moieties found in lignin and/or hemicellulose with the chlorine and oxirane functions of epichlorhydrin, thereby creating glycerol bridges between oligomers. 30,32 The morphologies of the brown-greenish polyHIPEs sample have been first characterized at the macroscopic length scale by both SEM and mercury porosimetry. Figure 2A shows representative pictures of the obtained samples.…”

The Chemistry of Porous Polymers: The Holey Grail

“…Polymerization chemistries are being developed to take advantage of monomers from renewable resources and macromolecular structural chemistries are being developed to enhance degradability. PHs that were based on renewable resource monomers such as polyphenols (e. g., tannin, tannic acid, lignin), plant oils (e. g., soybean, castor), polysaccharides (e. g., alginate, chitosan, dextrin, pectin), and lactide have recently been developed, [62,[115][116][117][118][119][120] as were PHs that were based on polymers containing degradable groups (e. g., esters). [57][58][59][60]62,[121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129] In addition, the recent advent of reactive surfactants and/or reactive nanoparticles for HIPE stabilization has produced a significant reduction in the amounts of leachable components.…”