Synthesis of Lipase-Immobilized CeO2 Nanorods as Heterogeneous Nano-Biocatalyst for Optimized Biodiesel Production from Eruca sativa Seed Oil

Abstract

Biodiesel has emerged as one of the most attractive alternative energy sources to meet the growing needs of energy. Many approaches have been adopted for biodiesel synthesis. In the present work, biodiesel was produced from non-edible Eruca sativa oil using nano-biocatalyst-catalysed transesterification. Nano-biocatalyst (CeO 2 @PDA@A. terreus Lipase) was developed via the immobilization of lipase on polydopamine coated ceria nanorods, and CeO 2 nanorods were developed via a hydrothermal process. The mean diameter of nanorods were measured to be 50-60 nm, while their mean length was 150-200 nm. Lipase activity before and after immobilization was measured to be 18.32 and 16.90 U/mg/min, respectively. The immobilized lipase depicted high stability at high temperature and pH. CeO 2 @PDA@A. terreus Lipase-catalysed transesterification resulted in 89.3% yield of the product. Process optimization through response surface methodology was also executed, and it was depicted that the optimum/maximum E. sativa oil-based biodiesel yield was procured at conditions of 10% CeO 2 @PDA@A. terreus Lipase, 6:1 methanol/oil ratio, 0.6% water content, 35 • C reaction temperature, and 30 h reaction time. The fuel compatibility of synthesized biodiesel was confirmed via the estimation of fuel properties that were in agreement with the ASTM D standard. The nanorods and dopamine-modified nanorods were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, SEM, and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), while conversion of E. sativa oil to biodiesel was confirmed by GC/MS and FTIR spectroscopy. Conclusively, it was revealed that CeO 2 @PDA@A. terreus Lipase has potential to be employed as an emphatic nano-biocatalyst. IntroductionDepletion of petroleum reservoirs has stimulated the scientific community worldwide to search for alternate energy resources. Biodiesel has notable potential as an imperative green fuel [1]. The additional impacts of biodiesel production are to increase agricultural production and productiveness, to increase the income of rural communities, to lessen pollution, and to create new jobs [2]. Biodiesel is a biodegradable, relatively nontoxic, and green fuel with reduced CO and unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) emission. Moreover, biodiesel has benefits such as appropriate lubricity, and no sulphur [3]. Biodiesel is widely manufactured using the transesterification process, which is catalyzed by numerous catalysts. Transesterification lowers the viscosity of feedstock oils [4] which reacts with alcohol, resulting in biodiesel. Many acidic and basic catalysts have been employed for the said purpose, but enzymatic catalysis is being promoted. The chemical methods of transesterification are considered to be problematic due to the production of poor-quality glycerol, the production of alkaline wastes, washing requirements, side reactions, and issues related to biodiesel recovery and purification. Therefore, enzymes are preferred over chemical catalysts in the transesterification to prepare biodiesel [5].Various lipases are frequently being used in the tr...

Evaluation of a New Cerium Oxide-Bismuth Oxide-Based Nanobiocomposite as a Biocatalyst for Biodiesel Production

“…Figure 9c presents the mutual effect of methanol: oil and NBC concentration on biodiesel yield. Similar studies were also performed by our group [8]. Different lipases were immobilized on PDAcoated Fe 3 O 4 nanoparticles, CeO 2 nanoparticles and titanium oxide nanoparticles.…”

“…The NBCs produced optimum biodiesel yield at different reaction conditions dependent on the nanosupport and type of enzyme utilized. In the current study, which is a continuation from our previous work, we have used a cerium oxide-bismuth oxide-based nanocomposite as nanosupport for A. niger lipase to attain a 92% biodiesel yield from E. sativa oil as compared to 89.3% yield obtained by transesterification of the same oil with CeO 2 @PDA@A-terreus [8].…”

“…The polymerization of dopamine occurs on surfaces with high oxidative potential, such as cerium and bismuth oxides [7]. For example, PDA-coated cerium oxide has been reported to have good potential for lipase immobilization [8]. In this study, we aimed to develop a novel, low-cost, heterogeneous nanobiocomposite (NBC), which can serve as a solid biocatalyst in the synthesis of highyield biodiesel.…”

Biodiesel production by lipase‐catalyzed reactions: bibliometric analysis and study of trends

“…Studies have used different oils to produce biodiesel, such as soybean, 52,67 sunflower, 68,69 palm, 70,71 canola, 72 Eruca sativa , 73 fish, 74 karanja and castor, 75 Calophyllum inophyllum seed, 76 microalgae, 47,77–79 and frying oil 41 . The efficiency of these oils in biodiesel production is discussed below.…”

Nanobiocatalysts for Biodiesel Synthesis through Transesterification—A Review

“…More work is needed to be done for the expansion of work in this domain. Fatima et al [46] synthesized PDA stabilized CeO 2 NMs and covalently immobilized the Aspergillus terreus lipase on the NMs by using the chemical grafting technique. The NBCs were utilized as the catalyst for the transesterification reaction of Eruca sativa oil.…”