“…The main phases of CaP for applications in the design of implants with different properties and performances are biphasic calcium phosphates, tricalcium phosphates, and HAp [ 22 ]. For instance, progress in the synthesis of high-crystallinity CaP has been the synthesis of nanoparticle composites using gold showing an antimicrobial response [ 23 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The CaP family of materials has been used in a variety of applications, such as bone cement, orthopedics, and coating [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ], and is injectable and hardens by combining crystals with plate and needle forms in situ [ 23 , 24 ]. Cheah et al [ 25 ] appraised the development, characterization, and biological performance of different materials obtained by synthesis with applications for bone, periodontal, and dental tissue regeneration, including CaP types of cement.…”
Calcium phosphate (CaP) with several chemical compositions and morphologies was prepared by precipitation using aqueous solutions of L-Glutamic acid (H2G) and calcium hydroxide, both mixed together with an aqueous solution (0.15 M) of phosphoric acid. Plate-shaped dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (brushite) particles were obtained and identified at a lower concentration of the solution of the reactants. The Ca/P ratio deduced by EDS was ~1, as expected. The nanoscale dimension of carbonate apatite and amorphous calcium phosphate, with variable Ca/P ratios, were revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (SEM-EDS). They were characterized in medium and high concentrations of calcium hydroxide (0.15 M and 0.20 M). The equilibria involved in all the reactions in aqueous solution were determined. The thermodynamic calculations showed a decrease in the amount of chelate complexes with an increase in pH, being the opposite of [CaPO4−] and [CaHG+]. This fluctuation showed an evident influence on the morphology and polymorphism of CaP particles obtained under the present experimental conditions, with potential use as a biomaterial.
“…The main phases of CaP for applications in the design of implants with different properties and performances are biphasic calcium phosphates, tricalcium phosphates, and HAp [ 22 ]. For instance, progress in the synthesis of high-crystallinity CaP has been the synthesis of nanoparticle composites using gold showing an antimicrobial response [ 23 ].…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…The CaP family of materials has been used in a variety of applications, such as bone cement, orthopedics, and coating [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 ], and is injectable and hardens by combining crystals with plate and needle forms in situ [ 23 , 24 ]. Cheah et al [ 25 ] appraised the development, characterization, and biological performance of different materials obtained by synthesis with applications for bone, periodontal, and dental tissue regeneration, including CaP types of cement.…”
Calcium phosphate (CaP) with several chemical compositions and morphologies was prepared by precipitation using aqueous solutions of L-Glutamic acid (H2G) and calcium hydroxide, both mixed together with an aqueous solution (0.15 M) of phosphoric acid. Plate-shaped dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (brushite) particles were obtained and identified at a lower concentration of the solution of the reactants. The Ca/P ratio deduced by EDS was ~1, as expected. The nanoscale dimension of carbonate apatite and amorphous calcium phosphate, with variable Ca/P ratios, were revealed by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (SEM-EDS). They were characterized in medium and high concentrations of calcium hydroxide (0.15 M and 0.20 M). The equilibria involved in all the reactions in aqueous solution were determined. The thermodynamic calculations showed a decrease in the amount of chelate complexes with an increase in pH, being the opposite of [CaPO4−] and [CaHG+]. This fluctuation showed an evident influence on the morphology and polymorphism of CaP particles obtained under the present experimental conditions, with potential use as a biomaterial.
In the present work, scaffolds with gyroid TPMS geometry were obtained from a commercial resin of acrylic nature loaded with 0.5% and 1% w/V of calcium phosphate nanoparticles through DLP. The scaffolds obtained presented Young's Modulus between 300 and 400 MPa, which makes them suitable for bone applications. The surface treatment by oxygen plasma carried out on the scaffolds resulted in a notable improvement in the wettability of the surfaces, which favours cell adhesion on the surface of the materials. The in vitro bioactivity assay conducted on the resin/calcium phosphate particles composite material showed that an apatitic layer forms on the surface of the samples from the third day of exposure to simulated body fluid (SBF), indicating that the composite material has in vitro bioactive behaviour. Biological tests demonstrated that the material is not cytotoxic and favours cell adhesion and that the gyroid geometry promotes cell proliferation.
Graphical abstract
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