Cell aggregation in the marine sponge Microciona prolifera is mediated by a multimillion molecular-mass aggregation factor, termed MAF. Earlier investigations revealed that the cell aggregation activity of MAF depends on two functional domains: (i) a Ca 2+ -independent cellbinding domain and (ii) a Ca 2+ -dependent proteoglycan self-interaction domain. Structural analysis of involved carbohydrate fragments of the proteoglycan in the selfassociation established a sulfated disaccharideRecent UV, SPR, and TEM studies, using BSA conjugates and gold nanoparticles of the synthetic sulfated disaccharide, clearly demonstrated self-recognition on the disaccharide level in the presence of Ca 2+ -ions. To determine binding forces of the carbohydrate-carbohydrate interactions for both synthetic MAF oligosaccharides, atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies were carried out. It turned out that, in the presence of Ca 2+ -ions, the force required to separate the tip and sample coated with a self-assembling monolayer of thiol-spacer-containing β-D-GlcpNAc-(1→3)-α-L-Fucp-(1→O)(CH 2 ) 3 S(CH 2 ) 6 S-was found to be quantized in integer multiples of 30±6 pN. No binding was observed between the two monolayers in the absence of Ca 2+ -ions. Cd 2+ -ions could partially induce the selfinteraction. In contrast, similar AFM experiments with thiol-spacer-containing β-D-Galp4,6(R)Pyr-(1→4)-β-DGlcpNAc-(1→3)-α-L-Fucp-(1→O)(CH 2 ) 3 S(CH 2 ) 6 S-did not show a binding in the presence of Ca 2+ -ions. Also TEM experiments of gold nanoparticles coated with the pyruvated trisaccharide could not make visible aggregation in the presence of Ca 2+ -ions. It is suggested that the selfinteraction between the sulfated disaccharide fragments is stronger than that between the pyruvated trisaccharide.