Synthesis of gemini ammonium sulfobetaine and its proppant suspension and gel-breaking mechanisms

Wang, Tao; Xiao, Jianhong; Wang, Lushan; Ma, Aiyuan; Tian, Mimi; Wang, Chen

doi:10.1039/d0ra00211a

Cited by 9 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Various oxidizing agents combined with a free radical propagating agent have been developed as breakers for amidoamine oxide, betaine, and sulfobetaine surfactant gels. , Free radical propagating agents promote the viscosity-reducing capability of the oxidizing agent. Examples of oxidizing agents used are ammonium persulfate [(NH 4 ) 2 S 2 O 8 ], sodium persulfate (Na 2 S 2 O 8 ), sodium bromate (NaBrO 3 ), hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), potassium permanganate (KMnO 4 ), tert -butyl hydroperoxide (structure in Figure a), and oxone tetrabutylammonium salt (structure in Figure b).…”

Section: Categories Of Breakersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These breakers have been tested with EDAB and gemini ammonium sulfobetaine (GAS) . Each oxidizing agent works differently depending upon the concentration of the VES fluid system.…”

Section: Categories Of Breakersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the double hydrogen bond initially present is converted to hydrogen aldehyde or carboxylic acid. These factors make it impossible for wormlike micellar structures to exist …”

Section: Mechanisms Of Viscosity Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These breakers have been tested with EDAB 74 and gemini ammonium sulfobetaine (GAS). 75 Each oxidizing agent works differently depending upon the concentration of the VES fluid system. Other oxidizing agents not listed need to be tested before they can be used as breakers.…”

Section: Categories Of Breakersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viscosity-Reducing Agents (Breakers) for Viscoelastic Surfactant Gels for Well Stimulation

2020

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The stimulation of oil and gas wells is an essential component of hydrocarbon production. One of the ways to perform well stimulation is to use gels. These gels have been used along with breakers to prevent the gels from blocking the pathway for reservoir hydrocarbons to flow into the newly stimulated wells. Viscoelastic surfactant (VES) gels have several advantages over polymer gels because they present a lesser risk of formation damage than polymer gels. However, there is no compilation of breaker classes used for VES gels. Given the importance of breakers and VES gels, the review compiles the types of breakers available for VES gels and describes the viscosity reduction mechanisms induced by the breakers. VES gel breakers can be classified into external and internal breakers. External breakers contact the VES gels in the reservoir, while internal breakers are injected into the reservoir along with the VES. External breakers include reservoir oil, mutual solvent, and microorganisms, such as bacteria. Internal breakers consist of proteins, acids, alcohols, polymers, modified nanoparticles, oxidizing agents, or a combination of these classes. Laboratory studies have shown that internal breakers are more efficient than external breakers. As to how viscosity reduction occurs, the breakers change the wormlike micelles in the gels. Wormlike micelles could be converted to microemulsions or shortened. In some cases, the molecular structure of VES is altered, leading to the destruction of the wormlike micelles. Nevertheless, some of the proposed mechanisms have not been confirmed because their delineation relied only on rheological data. Finally, there are reports on the successful use of both external and internal breakers in the field. To conclude, breakers have been used successfully with VES gels to improve hydrocarbon production. However, internal breakers may significantly improve hydrocarbon production when compared to external breakers.

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Section: Categories Of Breakersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These breakers have been tested with EDAB and gemini ammonium sulfobetaine (GAS) . Each oxidizing agent works differently depending upon the concentration of the VES fluid system.…”

Section: Categories Of Breakersmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the double hydrogen bond initially present is converted to hydrogen aldehyde or carboxylic acid. These factors make it impossible for wormlike micellar structures to exist …”

Section: Mechanisms Of Viscosity Reductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Categories Of Breakersmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Viscosity-Reducing Agents (Breakers) for Viscoelastic Surfactant Gels for Well Stimulation

2020

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“… 9 , 10 However, the conventional fracturing fluids damage the permeability of the reservoir matrix and restrain the conductivity of the fracture seriously because of the presence of the considerable insoluble residue and residual gel. 3 , 11 − 14 In recent years, viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fracturing fluid based on entangled micelles attracted huge attention due to its low-damage property (i.e., no insoluble residue and little residual gel). 15 − 18 Nevertheless, the poor thermal stability of VES fluid leads to a significant viscosity reduction in high-temperature environments, 19 , 20 which limits the proppant transportation capability severely.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Gemini Surfactant with Unsaturated Long Tails for Viscoelastic Surfactant (VES) Fracturing Fluid Used in Tight Reservoirs

Huang

Pei³

et al. 2021

ACS Omega

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The high dosage of surfactant terribly restrains the extensive application of viscoelastic surfactant (VES) fracturing fluid. In this study, a novel gemini surfactant (GLO) with long hydrophobic tails and double bonds was prepared and a VES fracturing fluid with a low concentration of GLO was developed. Because of the long tails bending near the double bonds, there is a significant improvement of the surfactant aggregate architecture, which realized the favorable viscosity of the VES fluid at a more economical concentration than the conventional VES fracturing fluids. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR), nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry ( 1 H NMR, 13 C NMR), and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) were employed to study the formation of the product and the structure of GLO. The designed GLO was produced according to the results of the structure characterizations. The formula of the VES fracturing fluid was optimized to be 2.0 wt % GLO + 0.4 wt % sodium salicylate (NaSal) + 1.0 wt % KCl based on the measurements of the viscosity. The viscosity of the VES fluid decreased from 405.5 to 98.7 mPa•s as the temperature increased from 18 to 80 °C and reached equilibrium at about 70.2 mPa•s. The VES fluid showed a typical elastic pseudoplastic fluid with a yield stress of 0.5 Pa in the rheological tests. It realized a proppant setting velocity as low as 0.08 g/min in the dynamic proppant transport test carried by GLO-based VES fracturing fluid. Compared to the formation water, the filtrate of the VES fracturing fluid decreased the water contact angle (CA) from 56.2 to 45.4°and decreased the water/oil interfacial tension (IFT) from 19.5 to 1.6 mN/m. Finally, the VES fracturing fluid induced a low permeability loss rate of 10.4% and a low conductivity loss rate of 5.4% for the oil phase in the experiments of formation damage evaluation.

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Room Temperature Crystallized Phase‐Pure α‐FAPbI₃ Perovskite with In‐Situ Grain‐Boundary Passivation

Shi,

Wang,

Wang

et al. 2024

Advanced Science

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Energy loss in perovskite grain boundaries (GBs) is a primary limitation toward high‐efficiency perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Two critical strategies to address this issue are high‐quality crystallization and passivation of GBs. However, the established methods are generally carried out discretely due to the complicated mechanisms of grain growth and defect formation. In this study, a combined method is proposed by introducing 3,4,5‐Trifluoroaniline iodide (TFAI) into the perovskite precursor. The TFAI triggers the union of nano‐sized colloids into microclusters and facilitates the complete phase transition of α‐FAPbI3 at room temperature. The controlled chemical reactivity and strong steric hindrance effect enable the fixed location of TFAI and suppress defects at GBs. This combination of well‐crystallized perovskite grains and effectively passivated GBs leads to an improvement in the open circuit voltage (Voc) of PSCs from 1.08 V to 1.17 V, which is one of the highest recorded Voc without interface modification. The TFAI‐incorporated device achieved a champion PCE of 24.81%. The device maintained a steady power output near its maximum power output point, showing almost no decay over 280 h testing without pre‐processing.

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Synthesis of gemini ammonium sulfobetaine and its proppant suspension and gel-breaking mechanisms

Abstract: The novel gemini ammonium sulfobetaine is synthesized and its gel, proppant suspension and gel-breaking properties are studied.

Cited by 9 publications

References 20 publications

Viscosity-Reducing Agents (Breakers) for Viscoelastic Surfactant Gels for Well Stimulation

Viscosity-Reducing Agents (Breakers) for Viscoelastic Surfactant Gels for Well Stimulation

Gemini Surfactant with Unsaturated Long Tails for Viscoelastic Surfactant (VES) Fracturing Fluid Used in Tight Reservoirs

Room Temperature Crystallized Phase‐Pure α‐FAPbI₃ Perovskite with In‐Situ Grain‐Boundary Passivation

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Synthesis of gemini ammonium sulfobetaine and its proppant suspension and gel-breaking mechanisms

Abstract: The novel gemini ammonium sulfobetaine is synthesized and its gel, proppant suspension and gel-breaking properties are studied.

Cited by 9 publications

References 20 publications

Viscosity-Reducing Agents (Breakers) for Viscoelastic Surfactant Gels for Well Stimulation

Viscosity-Reducing Agents (Breakers) for Viscoelastic Surfactant Gels for Well Stimulation

Gemini Surfactant with Unsaturated Long Tails for Viscoelastic Surfactant (VES) Fracturing Fluid Used in Tight Reservoirs

Room Temperature Crystallized Phase‐Pure α‐FAPbI3 Perovskite with In‐Situ Grain‐Boundary Passivation

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Room Temperature Crystallized Phase‐Pure α‐FAPbI₃ Perovskite with In‐Situ Grain‐Boundary Passivation