“…Other elements, such as Gd 3+ ions, are toxic in their free form, which necessitates proper coatings or chelating when they are used for biomedical applications. 22 In the present work, Yb 3+, and Er 3+ ions are embedded into the NaYF 4 host matrix, which lowers Yb 3+ and Er 3+ ions toxicity profile by confining them into the host material and lowering their release as ions make them benign in nature. 23,24 In the present work, NaYF 4 :Yb,Er has been synthesized successfully by the hydrothermal method and studied for their physicochemical characterization by powdered-X-ray diffraction (P-XRD), particle size analyzer (PSA), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), luminescence study.…”