Synthesis of cyclic carbonate from carbon dioxide and epoxides with polystyrene-supported quaternized ammonium salt catalysts

Immobilized protic ionic liquids: Efficient catalysts for CO2 fixation with epoxides

“…These results were corresponded to the increasing nucleophilicity and leaving ability of the halide anion: Cl -< Br -< I -. According to the mechanism proposed in previous works [66,67], the nucleophilic attack of the halide anion on the Fig.3. The results in Fig.3 were indicated that the yield of propylene carbonate was increased with increasing the concentration of immobilized protic ionic liquid.…”

“…In terms of catalyst stability and separation of catalyst, heterogeneous catalysts are superior to the homogeneous ones [44]. Metal oxides [45], modified molecular sieves [46,47], ion-exchange resins [48,49], nanoparticles [50][51][52], Nitrogen-doped porous carbon monolith [53], poly(ionic liquid) [54,55], microporous organic polymers [56,57] and supported catalysts [58][59][60][61][62][63][64] were used to catalyzing synthesis of cyclic carbonate from epoxide and carbon dioxide. However, their application is limited due to low activity, rigorous reaction conditions, unsatisfactory stability, and/or poor reusability.…”

“…In 2009, polystyrene resin-supported hydroxyl-functionalized ionic liquids were prepared by Sun et al and used as catalysts in the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide and epoxide [66]. Park and co-workers described the application of a series of polystyrene-supported quaternized ammonium salts as catalysts in the synthesis of cyclic carbonates from epoxides and CO 2 [67]. These catalysts showed the higher catalytic activity in the synthesis of cyclic carbonate from carbon dioxide and epoxide, but their reusability was not satisfactory.…”

Computational Chemistry Study of CO2Fixation and Cyclic Carbonate Synthesis Using Various Catalysts

“…이 반응은 단점이 있는데 높은 활성화 에너지(activation energy)를 가지기 때문에(55~59 kcal/mol) 높 은 발열(exothermic)에도 불구하고 비촉매 상태에서는 자발적 으로 반응이 일어나지 않는다는 것이다 [7]. 그로 인해 지난 수 십 년간 포스핀 [8][9][10], 유기염기 [11], 이온성 액체 [12][13][14][15][16][17], 유 기금속착물 [18][19][20][21], 금속산화물 [22][23][24], 담지된 촉매 [25][26][27] [28], 암모늄염(ammonium salt) [29], 금 속 할로겐염(metal halide salt) [30], 알카놀아민(alkanolamine) [31]. 본 논문에서는 본 연구팀에 의해 타 문헌에 제시된 반응 메커니즘들을 새로이 에너지도(energetics)로 통합하여 정리 …”

Bifunctional Boron Phosphate as an Efficient Catalyst for Epoxide Activation to Synthesize Cyclic Carbonates with CO2

“…In this context, 100 %a tom economical cycloaddition of CO 2 with epoxidesi so ne of the most promising and studied reactions [7][8][9] because the generated five-membered cyclic carbonates can be used as polar solvents, important chemical intermediates, and electrolytes in lithiumb atteries. For the cycloadditiono fC O 2 with epoxides, many homogeneous and heterogeneous catalyst systems have been developed, including alkali metal salts, [10] ionic liquids, [11][12][13] quaternary ammonium and phosphoniums alts, [14][15][16] metal oxides, [17] transition-metalc omplexes, [18][19][20][21][22] functional polymers, [23][24][25][26] and metal-organic frameworks (MOF), [27][28][29][30][31] etc. We have also synthesized Gd-based MOF materials for activating epoxides in the cycloaddition with CO 2 .…”