Synthesis of CMC from Palm Midrib Cellulose as Stabilizer and Thickening Agent in Food

Abstract

The using of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) from palm midrib as stabilizer on ice-cream making is done in three steps. First step is isolation process of á-cellulose from palm midrib powder, FTIR analysis shows that the compound is a cellulose molecule. The second step is alkalization with isopropanol as the solvent, carboxymethylation with monochloroacetic acid, and neutralization with CH 3 COOH 90% then ethanol, methanol and aquadest are used for purification followed with centrifugation process and adding in acetone which gives carboxymethyl cellulose a positive result in qualitative analysis. FTIR peak obtained is similar to that of commercial CMC, with the degree of substitution 0.82 and viscosity 0.076 ml/g. The last step is ice cream making process. In this step, CMC is added into the ice-cream batter with variated concentration of CMC starting from 0 to 0.5%. Ice-cream produced is then given melting time test and the overrun value is determined. Based on the research, 0.5% addition of CMC shows the most optimum melting time which is 31.02 minutes and overrun value of 42.34%. Organoleptic test given to 15 respondents also show that ice-cream with addition of 0.5% CMC gives the best result for the soft texture, sweet taste, fragrance aroma and light brown colour. CMC for thickening agent in syrup is measured with Ostwald viscometer. It shows that syrup is thicker with the addition of CMC. The highest vitamin-C content in passion fruit syrup is in addition of 0.3% which is 330.20.

Effect of self-efficacy, competence and compensation in performance of financial manager on motivation as moderation

“…The results of this analysis are consistent with the results of research conducted by Purnomo & Lestari (2010); Sapariyah (2011), and Sebayang & Sembiring (2017), which state that self-efficacy affects performance. High selfefficacy will achieve a better performance because the individual has a strong motivation, clear goals, stable emotions and abilities to successfully perform activities on behavior.…”

“…This can occur because of the low self-efficacy that is owned by employees. Research by Purnomo & Lestari (2010); Sebayang & Sembiring (2017), states that self-efficacy has an effect on performance. Narsim (2008); Irmayati et al, (2015); Zhahzadi et al, (2014); Syardianto et al, (2014); and Widnyana (2015), found that motivation influences employee performance and motivation contribute to improving performance.…”

Recent Developments of Carboxymethyl Cellulose

“…Furthermore, it is used in semisolid dairy products, salad dressing, and fruit syrup as a thickener [ 183 , 184 , 185 ]. Nowadays, in fruit syrup or juice, CMC is used as a hydrogel (dewatering agent) to ensure food safety.…”

“…In ice cream, 0.5% CMC is used as a stabilizer to produce the best quality ice cream. CMC with medium viscosity enhances the texture quality and provides creamy mouthfeel via eliminating the over-crystal growth of lactose in cream [ 120 , 185 ]. In cocoa and acid milk drinks, CMC is often used for stabilizing the texture of drinks, preventing sedimentation and layer forming in drinks at low and high temperatures [ 130 ].…”

Characteristics of crude cellulose from palm (Elaeis oleifera) midrib by sodium hydroxide pretreatment

“…The process of delignification, bleaching, and purification in palm midrib sample will give white alphacellulose (Sebayang and Sembiring, 2017). From 75 grams of palm oil, midrib powder will give 19.77 grams of pure alpha-cellulose (it was assumed to be 26.36% of the initial mass).…”