Synthesis of chitosan nanoparticles by TPP and their potential mosquito larvicidal application

Abstract

Background: Of recent, immense attention has been given to chitosan in the biomedical eld due to its valuable biochemical and physiological properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-immunogenicity, reactivity, solubility and non-toxicity. For instance, chitosan has exhibited distinguished bioactivity not limited to only antimicrobial activity but also promotion of wound healing and immune system augmentation in model animals. Therefore, chitosan has attracted application as a nano drug targeted delivery system. Traditionally, the chief source of chitosan is chitin from crab and shrimp shells obtained as waste products in the seafood industry. Chitin is also an important component of sh scales, insects and fungal cell walls, therefore, Uganda's edible mushrooms, Nile perch scales and banana weevils can be used as alternative sources of chitin and obviously chitosan. Thus, the aim of this study was to isolate and characterize chitosan from locally available material for potential use in the biomedical eld. Methods: Chitin was extracted from banana weevils, Nile perch scales and mushrooms powder by demineralization with 1.0M HCl solution, then deproteinization with 1.0M NaOH. Chitosan was prepared by treating chitin with 50% NaOH at 100°C for 8 hrs. Chitosan ash and moisture contents were determined gravimetrically while solubility was computed as percentage dry weight of suspended chitosan. FTIR was used to determine the DD while XRD was used to estimate the crystallinity of chitosan. Results: Ash and moisture contents ranged from 3.5 to 15% and 3.5 to 6.4% respectively while solubility level varied from 57 to 68%. FTIR spectra reveal high degree of similarity between locally isolated chitosan and commercial chitosan with DD ranging from 77.8 to 79.1%. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) patterns exhibited peaks at 2θ values of 19.5° for both chitosan extracted from Mushrooms and banana weevils while chitosan from Nile perch scales registered 3 peaks at 2θ angles of 12.3°, 20.1° and 21.3° comparable to the established commercial chitosan (Sigma Aldrich) XRD pattern. Conclusion: Ash content, moisture content, DD, FTIR spectra and XRD pattern revealed that chitosan isolated from locally available materials has physicochemical properties comparable to conventional chitosan and therefore it can be used in the biomedical eld. Conventionally, the chief sources of chitin are crab and shrimp shells obtained as waste products in the seafood industry [10-11]. Chitin is also an important component of sh scales and cell walls of fungal cells; therefore, Uganda's edible mushrooms and Nile perch scales can be alternative sources of chitin and, obviously non nano-scale and nano-scale chitosan. Production of chitin and its derivatives from renewable resources such as shery wastes and fungi presents sustainability for the ever increasing demands of this polymer. Furthermore, antibiotic resistant bacteria are escalating in prevalence globally with consequential infections which are hard and costly to treat [12]. This is support...

Isolation and characterization of chitosan from Ugandan edible mushrooms, Nile perch scales and banana weevils for biomedical applications.

“…In banana weevil and mushroom chitosan, the weak peak at 2θ = 10° disappeared. Similar deviations were registered by other studies which attempted to extract chitosan from locally available materials (40)(41)(42)(43). However, high peak intensity for mushroom and Nile perch scale chitosan and a slight shift in 2θ = 20° diffractive angle for all extracted chitosan indicates that this study achieved highly crystalline chitosan.…”

Polylactide/Hydroxyapatite Nonwovens Incorporated into Chitosan/Graphene Materials Hydrogels to Form Novel Hierarchical Scaffolds

“…Additional broad peaks can be seen at 1532 cm −1 . Furthermore, peaks characteristic for TPP were observed at 1211-885 cm −1 [41,44]. These confirmed the gelling of CS by TPP as an ionic cross-linking agent.…”

“…In the first step, the CS-based suspension and rolled-up PLA-HAp nonwoven covered by CS/GO or CS/rGO were frozen in the desired shape. Next, hydrogels were cross-linked in a gelling solution (NaCl + TPP) for 24 h. TPP, tripolyphosphate, is commonly used as a physical cross-linker of chitosan [41][42][43]. However, it is most often added directly to a solution or suspension, which rarely transforms into scaffolds with a desired shape.…”

Antimicrobial effect of chitosan–silver–copper nanocomposite on Candida albicans

“…The solution was placed in a sonicator apparatus (Model 55743-Fritsch, Germany) for 20 min and then slowly added to the 2 wt% glutaraldehyde solution while the solution was stirred on a magnetic stirrer. After adding glutaraldehyde, stirring was continued for 2 h in dark conditions [30].…”