The
9-phenyl-9-fluorenyl (PhF) group has been used as an Nα protecting group of amino acids and their derivatives
mainly as a result of its ability to prevent racemization. However,
installing this group using the standard protocol, which employs 9-bromo-9-phenylfluorene/K3PO4/Pb(NO3)2, often takes
days and yields can be variable. Here, we demonstrate that the PhF
group can be introduced into the amino group of Weinreb’s amides
and methyl esters of amino acids, as well as into alcohols and carboxylic
acids, rapidly and in excellent yields, using 9-chloro-9-phenylfluorene
(PhFCl)/N-methylmorpholine (NMM)/AgNO3. Nα-PhF-protected amino acids can be prepared from
unprotected α-amino acids, rapidly and often in near quantitative
yields, by treatment with N,O-bis(trimethylsilyl)acetamide
(BSA) and then PhFCl/NMM/AgNO3. Primary alcohols can be
protected with the PhF group in the presence of secondary alcohols
in moderate yield. Using PhFCl/AgNO3, a primary alcohol
can be protected in good yield in the presence of a primary ammonium
salt or a carboxylic acid. Primary sulfonamides and amides can be
protected in moderate to good yields using phenylfluorenyl alcohol
(PhFOH)/BF3·OEt2/K3PO4, while thiols can be protected in good to excellent yield using
PhFOH/BF3·OEt2 even in the presence of
a carboxylic acid or primary ammonium group.