Synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose from waste of cotton ginning industry

Haleem, Noor; Arshad, Muhammad; Shahid, Muhammad; Tahir, Muhammad

doi:10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.07.023

Cited by 139 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 33 publications

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“…As the obtained cellulose was solubilized in isopropanol, an organic solvent and also swelling the cellulose in the concentrated sodium hydroxide during carboxymethylation process could have caused the conversion of polymorphs cellulose I to polymorphs cellulose II. Thus, the substitution of carboxymethyl group to the backbone of cellulose leads to the transformation of polymorphs cellulose I in cellulose to polymorphs of cellulose II in CMSC [22]. …”

Section: X-ray Diffractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing Extraction of Cellulose and Synthesizing Pharmaceutical Grade Carboxymethyl Sago Cellulose from Malaysian Sago Pulp

et al. 2016

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Abstract:Sago biomass is an agro-industrial waste produced in large quantities, mainly in the Asia-Pacific region and in particular South-East Asia. This work focuses on using sago biomass to obtain cellulose as the raw material, through chemical processing using acid hydrolysis, alkaline extraction, chlorination and bleaching, finally converting the material to pharmaceutical grade carboxymethyl sago cellulose (CMSC) by carboxymethylation. The cellulose was evaluated using Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and Field Emission Scanning Electronic Microscopy (FESEM). The extracted cellulose was analyzed for cellulose composition, and subsequently modified to CMSC with a degree of substitution (DS) 0.6 by typical carboxymethylation reactions. X-ray diffraction analysis indicated that the crystallinity of the sago cellulose was reduced after carboxymethylation. FTIR and NMR studies indicate that the hydroxyl groups of the cellulose fibers were etherified through carboxymethylation to produce CMSC. Further characterization of the cellulose and CMSC were performed using FESEM and DSC. The purity of CMSC was analyzed according to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) International standards. In this case, acid and alkaline treatments coupled with high-pressure defibrillation were found to be effective in depolymerization and defibrillation of the cellulose fibers. The synthesized CMSC also shows no toxicity in the cell line studies and could be exploited as a pharmaceutical excipient.

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Section: X-ray Diffractionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimizing Extraction of Cellulose and Synthesizing Pharmaceutical Grade Carboxymethyl Sago Cellulose from Malaysian Sago Pulp

et al. 2016

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“…Until now, many researches have been suggesting that all biomass fractions can be isolated from biomass and utilized for synthesis of various useful chemicals. For example, Noor et al [7] reported that the cellulose isolated from cotton gin waste can be used for the synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose. Wang et al [8] suggested that lignin can be used as a template for the synthesis of porous carbon-CeO 2 composites, and Vilela et al [9] carried out the first investigation on the use of lipophilic extracts from the ripe pulp of ten banana cultivars.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Analytical Pyrolysis Study of Peanut Shells using TG-MS Technique and Characterization for the Waste Peanut Shell Ash

Yao¹,

Xu²,

Liang³

2016

JRST

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ABSTRACT:As an agricultural waste produced from the processing of peanut, the yield of peanut shells in China is quite abundant. Although numerous studies on the pyrolysis of peanut shells have been carried out, most of them were focused on the dynamics models for predicting kinetics parameter of biomass, and rarely on the evolution of gaseous products in pyrolysis. This study carried out a set of experiments on the pyrolysis of peanut shells under different heating rates in order to fill the knowledge gap. Besides, there is also a lack of information available concerning the characterization of resulting peanut shell ash. Thus, the aim of this study is to investigate the pyrolysis behaviors of peanut shells thoroughly and to characterize the properties of peanut shell ash that serves as predictors for its applications. The results show that the decomposition of peanut shells follows a stepwise mechanism, and the activation energy calculated by FlynnWall-Ozawa method varies from 58.3 to 88.6 kJ·mol -1 . Compared with low heating rate, fast heating rate at low temperatures is more suitable for biogas production. Chemical and phase analysis shows that peanut shell ash has a high SiO 2 content except for other oxides (K 2 O, CaO, MgO, Al 2 O 3 , etc.) that quite suitable in glass production, implying its potential for glass production and as a mineral admixture in concrete. Released volatile matters in pyrolysis create many pores in carbonaceous materials, thus low-cost adsorbents can be produced from these carbon residues.

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“…Degrees of substitution (DS) of CEC and AEC samples were determined using elemental analysis. A method of reverse potentiometric titration of excess NaHCO 3 by hydrochloric acid was used to determine DS of CMC [24]. Selection of the heat treatment regime and evaluation of thermal effects were conducted on basis of differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and differential thermogravimetry (DTG), obtained in the temperature range 25-1000 o C at a heating rate of 5 o C/min in air (NETZSCH STA 409 PC/PG, Germany).…”

Section: Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Synthesis of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was performed with pre-treatment with sodium hydroxide with concentration 5.4 mol/dm 3 and reacting cellulose with MCAA in isopropanol medium in the presence of NaOH (molar ratio of components is AGU:NaOH:MCAA=1:5:2) by the method described in [24].…”

Section: Synthesis Of Cellulose Derivativesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Application of chemically modified celluloses as templates for obtaining of alumina materials

2015

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The main focus of this study is to investigate the influence of functional groups of cellulose and its derivatives on properties and morphology of alumina materials obtained by template synthesis. Cyanoethyl-, amidoethyl-and carboxymethylcellulose were synthesized from bleached softwood pulp and they were used as templates for alumina materials preparation. By means of methods of scanning electron microscopy and nitrogen physical sorption it was shown that properties and type of functional groups of template can influence on the morphology and textural characteristics of obtained ceramic materials. The alumina specimens that obtained from cyanoethyl-, amidoethylcellulose have thicker fibers and two times increased surface area in comparison with alumina obtained from initial cellulose but the one formed by carboxymethylcellulose have thin alumina fibers and three times decreased surface area. Thus, by regulating properties and type of template it is possible to obtain ceramic materials with desired properties and morphology.

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Synthesis of carboxymethyl cellulose from waste of cotton ginning industry

Cited by 139 publications

References 33 publications

Optimizing Extraction of Cellulose and Synthesizing Pharmaceutical Grade Carboxymethyl Sago Cellulose from Malaysian Sago Pulp

Optimizing Extraction of Cellulose and Synthesizing Pharmaceutical Grade Carboxymethyl Sago Cellulose from Malaysian Sago Pulp

Analytical Pyrolysis Study of Peanut Shells using TG-MS Technique and Characterization for the Waste Peanut Shell Ash

Application of chemically modified celluloses as templates for obtaining of alumina materials

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