Synthesis of carbonaceous solid acid magnetic catalyst from empty fruit bunch for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD)

Asikin-Mijan

Energy Conversion and Management

et al. 2020

Low-cost biodiesel was successfully produced through esterification of palm fatty acid distillate over corncob residue-derived heterogeneous solid acid catalyst. The sulfonated functionalized carbon derived from corncob was synthesized via hydrothermal carbonization followed by chemical activation using concentrated sulfuric acid. This technique allows efficient carbonization process and able to maintain active polar species of the catalyst hence effectively improves the acid strength of prepared catalyst. The esterification of palm fatty acid distillate over HTC-S catalyst was optimized via the one-variable-at-a-time technique, and 92% free fatty acid conversion with a biodiesel yield of 85% was achieved at optimum conditions of 2 h reaction time, 70°C reaction temperature, 3 wt% catalyst loading, and 15:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio. Various of catalyst regeneration techniques have been studied and sulfuric acid treatment is found to be the most effective approach for restoring the active sites for spent HTC-S catalyst in comparison to washing solvent and thermal treatment. The HTC-S catalyst regenerated via sulfuric acid treatment is capable to convert PFAD to biodiesel with free fatty acid conversion > 90% for two consecutive cycles. The synthesized PFAD-derived biodiesel has complied with the international biodiesel standard ASTM D6751.

Section: Summary Of Studies For Carbon-based Catalyzed Esterification Reactionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Sulfonated functionalization of carbon derived corncob residue via hydrothermal synthesis route for esterification of palm fatty acid distillate

Asikin-Mijan

Energy Conversion and Management

et al. 2020

“…The reactions were performed at temperature ranging of 60-100 °C. 37 The oleic acid:methanol molar ratio used was 1:30 38 (0.58 mL of oleic acid and 2.22 mL of methanol).…”

Section: Catalytic Runsmentioning

confidence: 99%

New Magnetic Fe Oxide-Carbon Based Acid Catalyst Prepared from Bio-Oil for Esterification Reactions

Ballotin¹,

Almeida²,

Ardisson³

et al. 2020

J. Braz. Chem. Soc.

In this work, bio-oil (an organic matrix rich in oxygen functionalities) was used to efficiently dissolve and disperse Fe 3+ which upon thermal treatment produced a carbon containing dispersed and encapsulated Fe oxide magnetic nanoparticles. These materials were prepared by dissolution of 8, 16 and 24 wt.% Fe 3+ salt in bio-oil followed by treatment at 400, 450, 500 or 600 °C in N 2 atmosphere. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopies (TEM), elemental analysis, thermogravimetric-mass spectrometry (TG-MS), potentiometric titration, Raman and Mössbauer spectroscopies showed that Fe 3+ species in bio-oil is reduced to produce magnetic nanoparticles phases: magnetite Fe 3 O 4 and maghemite γ-Fe 2 O 3. At low temperatures, the iron phases were less protected, and the carbon matrix was more reactive, while in temperatures above 500 °C, the iron phases were more stable, however, the carbon matrix was less reactive. Reaction of these magnetic carbon materials with concentrated H 2 SO 4 produced surface sulfonic acidic sites (ca. 1 mmol g −1), especially for the materials obtained at 400 and 450 °C. The materials were used as catalysts on esterification reaction of oleic acid with methanol at 100 °C and conversions of 90% were reached, however, after 2 consecutive uses, the conversion decreased to 30%, being required more studies to improve the material stability.

“…An increasing supply of petrochemical resources to fulfill the high energy demands for industrialization and metropolitan growth over the last decades has caused the depletion of non-renewable conventional fuels [1,2]. The emission of toxic gases from the burning of fossil fuels can cause serious health effects and environmental problems [3]. In addition, the fluctuation of global petroleum prices and the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) have initiated the search for alternative fuels from renewable resources [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recently, the major drawbacks of homogeneous catalyst have been overcome by the development of heterogeneous catalyst which can be easily recovered from the reaction mixture by filtration, is recyclable, eco-friendly, and cuts off the need for neutralization which can reduce the cost of production [10]. Heterogeneous catalysts can be categorized into solid acid catalyst such as AC-Fe (5) -SO 3 Cl [3], SO 3 H-ZnAl 2 O 4 [11], Go-Fe 2 O 3 -SO 3 H [12] and basic solid catalyst, for example, Sr/MgO [13], MgO/MgAl 2 O 4 [14] and K 2 O-KCl alkaline catalyst [15]. Although heterogeneous catalysts have many advantages, the application of solid catalysts for transesterification reaction is still limited, owing to the low availability of active sites for the catalytic activity to occur [16].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Supermagnetic Nano-Bifunctional Catalyst from Rice Husk: Synthesis, Characterization and Application for Conversion of Used Cooking Oil to Biodiesel

et al. 2020

Self Cite

The present work investigated the biodiesel production from used cooking oil catalyzed by nano-bifunctional supermagnetic heterogeneous catalysts (RHC/K2O/Fe) derived from rice husk doped with K2O and Fe synthesized by the wet impregnation method. The synthesized catalysts (RHC/K2O/Fe) were characterized for crystallinity by X-ray diffraction spectroscopy (XRD), total acidity and basicity using CO2/NH3-TPD, textural properties through Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET), thermal stability via thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), functional group determination by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), surface morphology through field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), and magnetic properties by vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The VSM result demonstrated that the super-paramagnetic catalyst (RHC/K2O-20%/Fe-5%) could be simply separated and regained after the reaction using an external magnetic field. The operating conditions such as catalyst loading, methanol/oil molar ratio, temperature, and reaction duration were studied. The screened RHC/K2O-20%/Fe-5% catalyst was selected for further optimization and the optimum reaction parameters found were 4 wt % of catalyst, a molar ratio of methanol/oil of 12:1, 4 h reaction duration, and 75 °C reaction temperature with a maximal yield of 98.6%. The reusability study and reactivation results revealed that the nano-bifunctional magnetic catalyst (RHC/K2O-20%/Fe-5%) could be preserved by high catalytic activity even after being reused five times.