Synthesis of carbon-incorporated titanium oxide nanocrystals by pulsed solution plasma: electrical, optical investigation and nanocrystals analysis

Abstract

TiO x /carbon composite nanosheets were synthesized by a "pulsed solution plasma" technique in aTi-contained solution. The discharge characteristics of the plasma were investigated via the resistance of the plasma channel from current and voltage profiles as a function of capacitor energy. Furthermore, the Ti-based oxides were characterized in detail using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and selected area electron diffraction. Finally, the formation mechanism of the product was discussed through optical emission spectroscopy. The analyses revealed that the products were composed of spherical nanoparticles of TiO, TiO 2 rutile phases and polycrystalline anatase TiO 2 /carbon composite nanosheets, which were formed by plasma or plasma-induced reactions between species in Ti-contained solution.

A Review of Plasma Synthesis Methods for Polymer Films and Nanoparticles under Atmospheric Pressure Conditions

“…The complicated chemical and physical reactions at the plasma–liquid interface cause reduction, oxidation, and sputtering. In most cases, NPs are synthesized from the various radicals generated by the plasma–liquid reactions [ 43 , 91 ]. This method is classified into two types, depending on the location of the APP generation.…”

“…Hyun et al [ 103 , 104 ], Panomsuwan et al [ 105 ], Morishita et al [ 106 ], Lee et al [ 107 ], Li et al [ 108 ], Tipplook et al [ 109 ], and Lee et al [ 91 ] used in-solution plasma systems generated by the plasma discharge between tungsten pin-to-pin electrodes, and Alsaeedi et al [ 110 ] chose carbon rods as the electrodes, as shown in Figure 10 , Figure 11 and Figure 12 . Hyun et al used a pair of tungsten electrodes 1 mm in diameter to generate the in-solution plasma; these electrodes were located at a distance of 1.5 mm from the glass reactor.…”

“…Five capacitors with a capacitance of 0.1 μF were connected in parallel, and the capacitors with equivalent capacitance of 0.5 μF were charged by a positive-polarity DC power supply with a maximum charging voltage of 19 kV ( Figure 12 a). Titanium tetraisopropoxide dissolved in ethanol (Ti-contained solution) was used as a liquid precursor to synthesize carbon-incorporated titanium oxide nanocrystals [ 91 ].…”

“… Schematic diagrams of the in-solution plasma systems proposed by ( a ) Lee et al [ 91 ] and ( b ) Li et al [ 110 ]. …”

Solution plasma applications for the synthesis/modification of inorganic nanostructured materials and the treatment of natural polymers

“…62) Recently, the SPP has been reported to be an effective method to synthesize TiO 2 =carbon composites. 72) In this study, tungsten of needle to plane geometry was used as electrodes and were immersed in a Ti-contained sol prepared by dissolving titanium tetraisopropoxide in ethanol. Results indicated that the plasma-induced reactions in this system led to the products of combined TiO x -types and shapes, i.e., spherical nanoparticles of TiO, TiO 2 rutile phases and anatase TiO 2 =carbon composite nanosheets.…”