Synthesis of Biogasoline from Ethanol over Hydroxyapatite Catalyst

Abstract

Plant-derived, dehydrated ethanol was effectively converted to biogasoline in a one-step process on a highly active nonstoichiometric hydroxyapatite (HAP) catalyst. The biogasoline had a research octane number of 99 and comprised chiefly hydrocarbons from C6 to C10 as well as oxygenates not generated in the methanol-to-gasoline (MTG) process using zeolite. To confirm a proposed scheme for the synthesis of gasoline from ethanol over HAP, alcohol conversions were carried out using paired combinations of five different alcohols with ethanol. Results indicated that: (1) normal and branched alcohols were obtained by the Guerbet reaction from normal alcohols, (2) dienes were synthesized by the Lebedev reaction, and (3) aldehydes and olefins were mainly synthesized by dehydrogenation and dehydration of branched alcohols respectively.

Calcium orthophosphates (CaPO 4 ): Occurrence and properties

“…Non-biomedical applications of CDHA are similar to those of ACP and HA. Interesting that CDHA was found to possess a catalytic activity to produce biogasoline (Tsuchida et al 2008).…”

Operando Spectroscopy of the Gas-Phase Aldol Condensation of Propanal over Solid Base Catalysts

“…The hydroxyapatites, represented by the formula Ca 10−Z (HPO 4 ) Z (PO 4 ) 6−Z (OH) 2−Z ·n(H 2 O); 0 < Z ≤ 1, contain both basic and acidic sites [20]. Notable other examples of the use of hydroxyapatites as catalyst in other gas-phase, base-catalyzed C-C coupling reactions include the Guerbet reaction of ethanol [20][21][22] and the Lebedev ethanol-tobutadiene process [20].…”

Thermodynamics conditions for Guerbet ethanol reaction

“…Ndou et al [5] studied EtOH conversion on MgO as catalyst at different temperatures, the reaction did not take place until T> 673.15 K, then a sharp increase in activity is observed and a peak in selectivity appears near 723.15 K, then selectivity falls down at 773.15K, probably because of the departure of molecular H 2 . However, Tsuchida et al [6,9] observed activity at temperatures as low as 545.15 K for advanced Ca/P catalysts. Desorption of hydrogen (R5) should be avoided in our reaction system to prevent the departure of energy-rich th JEEP -19 th -21 st March 2013 -Nancy H 2 from carbon skeleton.…”

“…When vaporized EtOH is contacted to solids at temperatures near 673.15 K, a lot of different products are obtained containing olefins, paraffins, longer alcohols, diolefins, ketones, aldehydes, ethers, etc. Some H 2 is produced and carbonaceous deposits are formed [5,6].…”

“…For that reason basic or multifunctional catalysts are employed for EtOH conversion to higher hydrocarbons [6,8,9]. The most accepted mechanism for Guerbet reaction using basic catalyst is the aldol mechanism (Scheme 1) [3,9].…”