Synthesis of Biodiesel through Catalytic Transesterification of Various Feedstocks using Fast Solvothermal Technology: A Critical Review

Soltani, Soroush; Rashid, Umer; Yunus, Robiah; Taufiq‐Yap, Yun Hin

doi:10.1080/01614940.2015.1066640

Cited by 34 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 99 publications

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“…The temperature at which fuel tends to vaporize so as to produce a combustible mixture in the presence of oxygen is regarded as the flash point FP [36]. Understanding the FP of all fuels is critical in the storage, handling and transportation of fuels.…”

Section: Flash Pointmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization and blends study of heterogeneous acid catalyst-assisted esterification of palm oil industry by-product for biodiesel production

et al. 2020

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The optimum conditions to produce palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD)-derived-methyl esters via esterification have been demonstrated with the aid of the response surface methodology (RSM) with central composite rotatable design in the presence of heterogeneous acid catalyst. The effect of four reaction variables, reaction time (30–110 min), reaction temperature (30–70°C), catalyst concentration (1–3 wt.%) and methanol : PFAD molar ratio (3 : 1–11 : 1), were investigated. The reaction time had the most influence on the yield response, while the interaction between the reaction time and the catalyst concentration, with an F -value of 95.61, contributed the most to the esterification reaction. The model had an R 2 -value of 0.9855, suggesting a fit model, which gave a maximum yield of 95%. The fuel properties of produced PFAD methyl ester were appraised based on the acid value, iodine value, cloud and pour points, flash point, kinematic viscosity, density, ash and water contents and were compared with biodiesel EN 14214 and ASTM D-6751 standard limits. The PFAD methyl ester was further blended with petro-diesel from B0, B3, B5, B10, B20 and B100, on a volumetric basis. The blends were characterized by TGA, DTG and FTIR. With an acid value of 0.42 (mg KOH g −1 ), iodine value of 63 (g.I 2 /100 g), kinematic viscosity of 4.31 (mm 2 s −1 ), the PFAD methyl ester has shown good fuel potential, as all of its fuel properties were within the permissible international standards for biodiesel.

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Section: Flash Pointmentioning

confidence: 99%

Optimization and blends study of heterogeneous acid catalyst-assisted esterification of palm oil industry by-product for biodiesel production

et al. 2020

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“…In response to the issue of depleting petroleum reserves and maintaining the balance of the natural carbon cycle, researches have been geared toward the exploration of possible alternative fuels and their resources 1 . Aside from these concerns, fluctuating oil price further promotes interest in the search for renewable alternatives 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In view of severity of reaction conditions, catalyzed reactions were preferred over non‐catalyzed ones, as it allows high reaction yields and conversions to be achieved under lower temperatures and pressures and within reasonable reaction time. These features are important to decrease the capital and operational cost in industrial production of biodiesel apart from affordable oil feedstock 1 . Although reaction time required in heterogeneous catalysis is longer than in homogeneous catalysis owing to mass transfer limitations, interest on the synthesis and developments of heterogeneous catalysts is still gaining much attention due to its recoverability and potential reuse as compared with homogeneous counterparts.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non‐catalytic and heterogeneous acid/base‐catalyzed biodiesel production: Recent and future developments

Tran‐Nguyen

Ong

et al. 2020

Asia-Pacific J Chem Eng

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Biodiesel production technologies, which are non-catalytic and those involving the use of heterogeneous catalyst(s), have gained much interest owing to its high biodiesel and pure glycerol throughput. During the past 15 years, many studies were devoted to explore new catalysts as well as improve non-catalytic technologies with aims to ultimately industrialize such biodiesel production processes. This review elucidates the main process parameters that influences non-catalytic and heterogeneous-catalyzed biodiesel production processes. The common parameters among these technologies include the process temperature, alcohol/oil molar ratio, pressure, catalyst loading, and feedstock quality.Optimization of these process parameters is discussed according to the use of conventional method (one factor at a time [OFAAT]) or the use of statistical methods such as response surface methodology (RSM), artificial neural network (ANN), and Taguchi method. In addition, recent development on noncatalytic process and those involving the use of heterogeneous catalyst(s), such as glycerol-free processes under supercritical conditions of alkyl donors and strategies to improve properties of heterogeneous catalyst, are also reviewed.Finally, insight based on the published techno-economical evaluations is also tackled, and future prospects and research directions on these technologies are also discussed.

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“…Currently, biomass accounts for around 10% of global energy production [13]. With respect to the definition of biodiesel, it is characterized by a mixture of mono-alkyl esters of fatty acids obtained by the transesterification reaction of triglycerides (TG) using short chain alcohols as transesterifying agent (methanol or ethanol) and sodium or potassium hydroxide as the catalyst [14].The biodiesel production process is performed through chemical reactions, in which transesterification is the most used due to the higher yield and lower energy consumption [15]. Currently, the total cost in biodiesel production is attributed to the system used and raw materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Soybean and babassu biodiesel production: a laboratory scale study and an exergy analysis approach

Mamede

Lopes

Marques³

et al. 2020

Matéria (Rio J.)

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Synthesis of Biodiesel through Catalytic Transesterification of Various Feedstocks using Fast Solvothermal Technology: A Critical Review

Cited by 34 publications

References 99 publications

Optimization and blends study of heterogeneous acid catalyst-assisted esterification of palm oil industry by-product for biodiesel production

Optimization and blends study of heterogeneous acid catalyst-assisted esterification of palm oil industry by-product for biodiesel production

Non‐catalytic and heterogeneous acid/base‐catalyzed biodiesel production: Recent and future developments

Soybean and babassu biodiesel production: a laboratory scale study and an exergy analysis approach

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