Synthesis of bio-polyol from epoxidized palm oleic acid by homogeneous catalyst

Abstract

In recent years, many efforts have been made to epoxidize palm oil in response to rising demand for environmentally safe epoxides that generated from vegetable oils. This experiment has studied two methods: the one-step method (continuous epoxidation-hydroxylation) and the two-step method (a separate process of epoxidation followed by hydroxylation) for bio-polyol production. Based on the results of the experiment, the one-step technique experiment was deemed to be the best approach because it did not require for the process to be stopped and because it is a continuous process, it takes less time to manufacture the bio-polyol and costs less because the catalyst is only used once. The relative conversion to oxirane (RCO) percentage was at its maximum (82%) after 30 min of epoxidation reaction. FTIR spectroscopy shows the absorption peak at a wavelength of 3300 cm−1 indicates the presence of hydroxyl groups when polyol was analyzed. Overall, a polyol with a high yield was successfully produced from palm oleic acid by using continuous hydroxylation of epoxidized oleic acid.

A Novel Approach for Sunflower Oil Based Polyol Production by Ring Opening of Epoxidized Linoleic Acid

“…This is due to low RCO and achieve the highest epoxide compared to other concentration. Throughout the previous study of 6 when jatropha oil was used in abundance of acetic or formic acid to ethylenic unsaturation mole ratio of 0.3: 1, the conversion of iodine content was reduced. This can be causing a lower RCO at the completion of the process.…”

“…By using in situ performic acids, formic acid acts as an oxygen carrier that reacts with hydrogen peroxide as an oxygen donor. 6 To further utilize the formic acid used, an acid catalyst such as sulphuric acid is required to form the performic acid. 7 Although numerous references exist in the technical literature regarding the epoxidation of oleic acid, unfortunately, there is a lack of study on waste cooking oil-based palm oil as it is not fully utilized and considered as waste.…”

Catalytic epoxidation of palm oleic acid by heterogeneous catalysts: Optimization and kinetic model

“…1 In some applications, vegetable oil-based epoxide materials can replace petrochemical-based epoxide materials since they are sustainable, renewable, and biodegradable. 2 The epoxide is a chemical reaction that converts an unsaturated carbon-carbon double bond into an oxirane. This cyclic ether contains a three-atom ring, in which two of the atoms are carbon atoms of a hydrocarbon and are attached to an oxygen atom.…”

“…Most polymers are sourced chiefly from petroleum‐based sources, which are known to offer chemical concerns 1 . In some applications, vegetable oil‐based epoxide materials can replace petrochemical‐based epoxide materials since they are sustainable, renewable, and biodegradable 2 . The epoxide is a chemical reaction that converts an unsaturated carbon–carbon double bond into an oxirane.…”

Ecopolyols from Spent Coffee Grounds Through Acid Liquefaction Using Polyol: Synthesis and its Optimization

“…Recently, the synthesis of bio-based polyols from several bio-based materials demands a promising approach to mitigate the decreasing reserves of fossil fuels and environmental problems, along with prioritizing the search for new sustainable resources [2][3][4][5][6][7][8]. For instance, several reports have been found where biennis seed oil, castor oil, soybean oil, and sun ower oil are used for the preparation of bio-polyol [9][10][11][12]. Nevertheless, recently, different lignocellulosic bio-residues have been productively transformed into bio-polyols with characteristics similar to conventional products [5,6,[13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20].…”