Synthesis of benzylated amine‐substituted xanthone derivatives and their antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities

Abstract

Oxidative stress and its constant companion, inflammation, play a critical part in the pathogenesis of many acute and chronic illnesses. The discovery of new multi‐targeted drug candidates with antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties is deemed necessary. Thus, a series of novel xanthone derivatives with halogenated benzyl (4b–4d, 4f–4h) and methoxylated benzyl groups (4e) attached to the butoxy amine substituent were synthesized in this study. The synthesized xanthone derivatives exhibited stronger antioxidant activity against H2O2 scavenging than the standard drug, α‐tocopherol, but weaker towards DPPH scavenging and ferrous ion chelation. Besides that, 4b–4d, 4f–4h demonstrated good anti‐inflammatory activities through NO production inhibition towards lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced RAW 264.7 cells and showed 2–4 times stronger effects than the standard drug, diclofenac sodium. Moreover, compound 4b with two brominated benzyl groups attached to the butoxy amine substituent suppressed the production of pro‐inflammatory cytokines, TNF‐α and IL‐1β, significantly. Structure–activity relationship elucidated that the halogenated benzylamine substituent plays an important role in contributing the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory activities of xanthones. In summary, xanthone 4b was identified as a potential lead compound to be further developed into antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory drugs. Thus, further studies on the related mechanisms of action of 4b are recommended.

Tetrahydroxanthene-1,3(2H)-diones and Oxidized Hexadiene Derivatives from Uvaria leptopoda and Their Biological Activities

“…Cell viability was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT; Merck) assay according to the experimental literature procedure with some modifications . For the adherent RAW264.7 macrophages, cells were seeded in a 96-well plate at a concentration of 1 × 10 6 cells/mL and incubated for 24 h to allow cell attachment.…”

“…Cell viability was assessed using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT; Merck) assay according to the experimental literature procedure with some modifications. 26 For the adherent RAW264.7 macrophages, cells were seeded in a 96-well plate at a concentration of 1 × 10 6 cells/mL and incubated for 24 h to allow cell attachment. After that, the cells were treated with compounds (using DMSO as a vehicle at the maximum concentration of 0.1%) and further incubated for 24 h. The culture media was carefully removed and replaced with fresh media, followed by adding 5 mg/mL of MTT reagent in phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; Sigma-Aldrich) and a 4-h incubation.…”