Synthesis of a Novel [diresorcinate‐1,10‐phenanthrolinecobalt(II)] Complex, and Potentiodynamic Fabrication of Poly(DHRPCo)/GCE for Selective Square Wave Voltammetric Determination of Procaine Penicillin G in Pharmaceutical and Biological Fluid Samples

Abstract

This work presents synthesis, and characterization of a novel [diresorcinate‐1,10‐phenanthrolinecobalt(II)] (DHRPCo) complex, and potentiodynamic fabrication of poly(DHRPCo)/GCE for SWV determination of procaine penicillin G (ProPenG) in various pharmaceutical and biological samples. While UV‐Vis and FT‐IR results demonstrated stepwise synthesis of DHRPCo, the CV and EIS results evidenced modification of the surface of GCE by an electroactive polymer film that improved electrode surface area. In contrast to the peak of ProPenG at the unmodified electrode, an irreversible oxidative peak at poly(DHRPCo)/GCE with lower potential and six folds of current enhancement observed, that confirmed electrocatalytic effect of the polymer, SWV response of poly(DHRPCo)/GCE showed linear dependence on concentration of ProPenG in the range 0.1–200 μM, with LoD of 4.9 nM. Spike recovery results in various pharmaceutical and biological samples in the range 98.03–106.50 %, interference recovery in the presence of selected potential interferents at their various levels with associated errors under 3.39 %, and stability of the modifier with analysis time validated the method for determination of ProPenG. Poly(DHRPCo)/GCE was applied for determination of ProPenG in three brands of injection pharmaceutical formulation, human urine, human blood serum, and cow's milk samples. While no ProPenG was detected in the human urine, serum, and cow's milk samples, detected ProPenG in the injection powder samples was within 96.1–101.3 % of company label. The developed method showed superior performance over recently reported methods making it an excellent candidate for determination of ProPenG in real samples.

Potentiodynamic Poly(resorcinol)-Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode as a Voltammetric Sensor for Determining Cephalexin and Cefadroxil Simultaneously in Pharmaceutical Formulation and Biological Fluid Samples

“…The electrode surface roughness ( R F ) and the apparent heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant ( k 0 ) of poly(reso) could be calculated using eqs 3 and 4 . 24 , 29 , 30 where R F is the surface roughness, C dI and C S are the electrochemical double layer capacitance of a planar and smooth electrode surface of the same material measured under the same conditions, respectively, and R is the molar gas constant (8.314 J mol –1 K –1 ), T is the temperature (298 K), F is the Faraday constant (96485 C mol –1 ), A is the surface area, R ct is the charge transfer resistance of the electrode, and C is the concentration of [Fe(CN) 6 ] 3–/4– (10.0 mM).…”

“…The R ct value for the poly­(reso)/GCE was lower, demonstrating that the poly­(reso) film deposited on the surface of the GCE greatly enhanced the conductivity, and hence the electron transfer rate between the substrate and the analyte increased, which could be attributed to the conductive nature of the polymer film. The electrode surface roughness ( R F ) and the apparent heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant ( k 0 ) of poly­(reso) could be calculated using eqs and . ,, where R F is the surface roughness, C dI and C S are the electrochemical double layer capacitance of a planar and smooth electrode surface of the same material measured under the same conditions, respectively, and R is the molar gas constant (8.314 J mol –1 K –1 ), T is the temperature (298 K), F is the Faraday constant (96485 C mol –1 ), A is the surface area, R ct is the charge transfer resistance of the electrode, and C is the concentration of [Fe­(CN) 6 ] 3–/4– (10.0 mM).…”

“…The electrode surface roughness (R F ) and the apparent heterogeneous electron transfer rate constant (k 0 ) of poly(reso) could be calculated using eqs 3 and 4. 24,29,30…”

“…In this regard, no electrochemical methods have been reported for the simultaneous determination of CLN and CFL. The electrochemical performance of a working electrode is usually improved with surface modification by enhancing its compatibility, electron conductivity, and surface area. , Conducting polymers, , metal-based nanomaterials, and transition metal complexes ,− are among the commonly reported electrode-modifying materials which are deposited on the surface of the electrode by potentiostatic electropolymerization, potentiodynamic electropolymerization, , and casting techniques . Hence, this work demonstrated the development and evaluation of an electrochemical sensor based on the poly­(reso)/GCE for the simultaneous determination of CLN and CFL in tablet formulations, human urine, and human serum samples using a square wave voltammetric method (preparation explained in the experimental section of the Supporting Information).…”

Synthesis of a novel diaquabis(1,10-phenanthroline)copper(II)chloride complex and its voltammetric application for detection of amoxicillin in pharmaceutical and biological samples

“…In a A 2 P 2 CuC complex modified electrode, the anodic peak appeared at +40 mV was related to the oxidation process of reduced Cu(0) to Cu(II) in the film, and the corresponding broad cathodic peak centered at about −262 mV was observed due to the reduction process from Cu(II) to Cu(0) [ 32 ]. However, the authors still are not able to propose the exact mechanism of the electropolymerization.…”