Synthesis of a new Cd (II) complex as ionophores and its application in construction of a highly selective and sensitive cadmium (II) sensor in petroleum water samples

Abstract

The measurement of Cd (II) ions in various matrices requires the development of sensors that are selective, sensitive, and simple to produce. The cadmium complex of a ligand prepared by the reaction of 2‐pyridinecarbohydrazide with sodium 3‐formyl‐4‐hydroxybenzenesulfonate, [Cd (NaPH)(H2O)].H2O, was synthesized, analyzed by elemental analysis, and structurally elucidated using various spectroscopic techniques. The infrared spectrum of Cd (II) complex suggests a bi‐negative tri‐dentate ONO behavior for the ligand via deprotonated form of both the enolic oxygen atom (C‐O−) and the hydroxyl group of phenolic ring in addition to the azomethine group. The thermal behavior of this complex was revealed using TGA analysis. Applying Coast–Redfern and Horowitz–Metzger equations, we were able to calculate the kinetic and thermodynamic parameters to support the proposed fragmentation experiment for the Cd (II) complex. Cyclic voltammetry measurement was measured to estimate the electrochemical behavior of the Cd (II) ions as well as the impact of adding various NaH2PH ligand concentrations. The biological applications of [Cd (NaPH)(H2O)].H2O complex were assessed as antioxidant, anticancer, and antimicrobial. Based on the Cd (II) complex, we were able to modify Cd (II) ions carbon paste electrode (modified carbon paste electrode, MCPE) as a Cd (II) selective modifier. The created electrode displays a Nernstian slope in the linear range of 0.0001 to 10 mmol/L of 29.16 ± 0.03 mV decade−1, a quick reaction time of 6 s, and pH independence from 3–7. The suggested MCPE demonstrated strong selectivity to Cd (II) ions relative to many other cations and displayed negligible change in the slope or operating range if the experiment was achieved in a partially non‐aqueous solution. This fabricated MCPE was used to determine Cd (II) ions in diverse water samples.

Co(II), Mn(II), and Fe(III) complexes of water‐soluble hydrazone bearing 2‐nicotinoylhydrazineylidene moiety: Preparation, characterization, cyclic voltammetry, computational and biological studies

“…The Gibbs free energy (∆G) was computed from the following equation ΔG = −2.303 RT log β j . Table 6 shows that increasing of the values of ∆G when the ratio of j to the ligand concentration increases, indicating there are stable and spontaneous interactions between the NaH 2 NH ligand and the metal ions in the solution environment 30 …”

“…As well as the direct band gap are 3.23, 2.57, 2.30, and 2.15 eV, respectively. This indicates that these compounds have the possibility to be utilized as semiconductors for suitable practical applications such as solar radiation collection in solar cells 29,30 …”

“…On the other hand, the ligand and its metal complexes exhibited antifungal activities against C. albicans fungus as: Mn(II) > Fe(III) > NaH 2 NH > Co(II). The increased antibacterial effect of metal chelates can be clarified based on the Overtone idea and Tweedy's chelation theory 30,45 . Complexation reduces the metal ions polarity because of the interaction between the NaH 2 NH orbital and the donor center, as well as the partial participation of the metal ion's positive charge.…”

“…The strong antifungal properties of some complexes may be attributed to the overlap of metal orbitals with the ligand moieties, leading to increased distribution of the metal‐positive charge on the ligand donor groups 46 . The alteration in the antimicrobial properties of the tested compounds against the organism strains depends on the impermeability of the difference in the ribosomes of microbial cells or the microbe's cells 47 . Additionally, the non‐activity of certain compounds may be related to their lipophobic nature or the resistance and efflux pump activities displayed by the used bacteria.…”

A Novel Potentiometric Coated Wire Sensor Based on Functionalized Polymeric CaO/ZnO Nanocomposite Synthesized by Lavandula Spica Mediated Extract for Terbinafine Determination

“…Another possibility is that the plasticizer acts as an ionophore because it contains donor sites and functional groups. This could alter the way the primary analyte ion is brought together [44] . Table 2 summarizes the information gathered.…”