Efficient conversion of fructose to 5-hydroxymethylfurfural is a key step for using carbohydrates to produce liquid fuels and value-added chemicals. Here we show that some ionic liquids synthesized from cheap renewable materials are very efficient for the conversion of fructose to HMF. The yield and selectivity could be higher than 90% as the reaction was conducted in an ethyl acetate/renewable IL biphasic system and the separation process had no cross-contamination. Moreover, the IL can be reused easily.Diminishing fossil fuel reserves and growing concerns about global warming indicate that sustainable resources are needed in the near future. 1 Biomass is abundant, renewable, and is distributed widely in nature, which are promising alternatives for the sustainable supply of liquid fuels and valuable intermediates (such as alcohols, aldehydes, ketones, and carboxylic acids) to the chemical industry for production of drugs and polymeric materials. 2 Carbohydrates comprise the main class of biomass compounds. 3 Utilization of biomass requires efficient methods to convert carbohydrates into a variety of chemical compounds. 4 It is known that the direct production of useful organic compounds from five and six-carbon carbohydrates is difficult. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF 2), which is obtained from carbohydrates (e.g. glucose, sucrose and fructose (1)) by dehydration, is an important "bridge" for efficient use of carbohydrates (Scheme 1). 4-6 As a versatile intermediate, HMF can be converted to 2,5-furandicarboxyl acid (3), 2,5-dihydroxy methylfuran (4), 2,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran (5), dimethylfuran (6) and other liquid alkanes by oxidation, hydrogenation,