Synthesis of 3′,4′‐disubstituted terthiophenes. Characterization and electropolymerization. I. 3′,4′‐dibromo‐2,2′:5′,2″‐terthiophene in photovoltaic display

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Ewing sarcoma (ES) was a malignant tumor of bone or soft tissue. One of the few risk factors for developing ES is race, with a higher incidence noted in populations of European rather than African or Asian ancestry. The goal of the current study was to evaluate racial and ethnic differences in presentation and overall survival (OS) among patients diagnosed with ES before age 40 years. METHODS: Data from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database identified 1715 patients aged <40 years who were diagnosed with ES between 1973 and 2005. Racial and ethnic group differences were compared using chi‐square tests. OS was estimated by Kaplan‐Meier analysis and compared using log‐rank tests and Cox models. RESULTS: Black patients had significantly more soft‐tissue tumors compared with white non‐Hispanic patients (P <.0001). Asian and white Hispanic patients were found to have an intermediate frequency of soft‐tissue tumors that also differed from white non‐Hispanic patients (P <.0001). White Hispanic patients presented with a higher proportion of larger tumors compared with white non‐Hispanic patients (P = .042). Black patients tended to be older than white non‐Hispanic patients (P = .012). Sex, frequency of pelvic tumors, and metastatic status did not appear to differ by ethnicity or race. OS was found to differ according to race and ethnicity. Even after controlling for known confounders, OS was significantly worse for black, Asian, and white Hispanic patients compared with white non‐Hispanic patients (P = .0031, P = .0182, and P = .0051, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Ethnic and racial differences in characteristics and outcomes of patients with ES do exist. Understanding the etiology of these differences will require further study. Cancer 2010. © 2010 American Cancer Society.

Nucleation and growth mechanisms during electropolymerization of substituted 3-alkylthiophenes

“…The obtained curve is simulated by the corresponding mathematical representation, which may have one, two or three contributions, that correlates with the manner the polymer grows on the electrode. Thus, considering the abovementioned principles and studies that demonstrated a correlation between NGM and morphology of the deposits [6,[20][21][22][23][24], the potentiostatic transients obtained in the present work were deconvolved.…”

Introduction to the supplement, “Cancer Therapy with Antibodies and Immunoconjugates”

“…9(b)], are shown. The variety can be justified if we consider that potentiostatic polymerization leads to less homogeneous morphologies with respect to the potentiodynamic deposition, as observed in the literature 61, 62. Concerning the rhomboidal structures, the presence of smooth crystallites, in opposition to the cauliflower‐like aspect, has been observed in condition of high supporting electrolyte concentration, and further characterizations confirmed that some electrolyte had crystallized at the surface of the film 58…”

Synthesis of 3′,4′‐disubstituted terthiophenes—Characterization and electropolymerization. II. 3′‐bromo‐4′‐thienyl‐2,2′:5′,2′‐terthiophene and 3′,4′‐diphenyl‐2,2′:5′,2′‐terthiophene in photovoltaic displays

“…Cyclic voltammetry (CV) was used to determine the optimum working potential range for the subsequent electro‐oxidation of the monomers to prepare the polymeric films by cyclic voltammetry and to carry out the electropolymerization and characterization at controlled potential. Deconvolution of the potentiostatic transients allows obtaining the nucleation and growth mechanism of the deposit, as described elsewhere 13, 14, 18…”

“…The preparation of solar or photovoltaic cells, was accomplished following the ample bibliography available,19 and the details were included in Part I 13…”

“…The development of photovoltaic devices bearing a polymeric layer synthesized via electrochemical polymerization of 3′,4′‐dibromo‐2,2′:5′,2″‐terthiophene, and a search for the most suitable conditions leading to a more uniform film with the desired thickness, was discussed and studied in a previous work 13. Herein a comparison of the results obtained with devices fabricated with a polymeric layer, synthesized via electrochemical polymerization, of 3′‐bromo‐4′‐thienyl‐2,2′:5′,2″‐terthiophene and 3′,4′‐diphenyl‐2,2′:5′,2″‐terthiophene and their applications in the development of photovoltaic devices are described.…”